Introduction to Translation
Definition of Translation
1. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language
message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
(Nida)
2. Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of
textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (TL). (Catford)
3. Tranduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.) (Italian
proverb)
4. Translation is a process in which the parole of one
language is transferred into the parole of another with the content
i.e. meaning unchanged. (Barhudarov)
5. 翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。（郭沫若）
6.
不妨假定理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作。那么原文的意义与精神，译文的流畅与完整，都可以兼筹并顾，不至于再有以辞害意
Translating Skill (2):
Conversion Definition
?By conversion it is meant that in translation a word of a certain
type/class in the SL text is not necessarily to be turned into a
word of the same type/class in the TL text. A word often has to be
converted into a different word type/class so as to conform to the
usage of the TL due to differences in syntactic structures and
idiomatic expression_rs of the two languages.
Types of Conversion
?Convert into Verbs 转译成动词
?Convert into Nouns转译成名词
?Convert into Adjectives转译成形容词
?Convert into Adverbs 转译成副词
1. Convert into Verbs
1.1 N. → V.
? The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely
poor and awkward living conditions has prompted them to take
resolute measures and create new one.
数以万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取措施，去创造新的生活。
?
A book，tight shut，is but
a block of paper．
译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。
译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
? Nothing happened in the
night．
译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
译文二：夜间倒是风平浪静，什么事也没 发生。
? Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
译文二：箭嗖的一声飞走了!
或：嗖?a，箭飞走了!
Translating Skill (3):
Amplification
Definition of Amplification
Amplification, also called
addition, is a process in which the original has to be translated
into Chinese faithfully and smoothly by amplifying some words on
the basis of rhetorical and gramma
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