Perry, A Sanskrit
Primer
Light and
Heavy Syllables.
48. For metrical purposes syllables
(not vowels) are distinguished as
'heavy' and 'light'. A syllable is heavy if its
vowel is
long, or short and followed by more than one consonant
("long by
position"). Visarga and anusvāra are here counted as full consonants. The aspirated mutes, of course, do not
count as double letters.
轻重音节
48.
为了诗律的目的，音节（不是元音）区分为‘重’和‘轻’。如果其元音是长的，或者是短的但是后面跟着多于一个辅音（“位置长”），则音节是重的。气化音和鼻化音在这里算作十足的辅音。送气音当然不算作双字母。
Changes of Sounds. Guṇa and
Vṛddhi.
49. The
changes to which both the vowels and the consonants of Sanskrit are
subject are very numerous. Among the vowel-changes, the most
regular and frequent are the
so-calledguṇa and vṛddhi,
which are of frequent occurrence in derivation and
inflection.
音变。完整级和延长级。
49.梵语元音和辅音经受的音变是为数众多的。在元音音变中，最规则和常见的是所谓的完整级和延长级，它们在派生和屈折变化中经常出现。
50. The following
table exhibits these changes:
| Simple vowels |
अ a आ ā |
इ i ई ī |
उ u ऊ ū |
ऋ ṛ |
| Guṇa |
अ a आ ā |
ए e |
ओ o |
अर् ar |
| Vṛddhi |
आ ā |
ऐ ai |
औ au |
आर् ār |
50. 下表给出这些变化：
| 零级 |
अ a आ ā |
इ i ई ī |
उ u ऊ ū |
ऋ ṛ |
| 完整级 |
अ a आ ā |
ए e |
ओ o |
अर् ar |
| 延长级 |
आ ā |
ऐ ai |
औ au |
आर् ār
|
51. Theoretically the
changes of ṝ would
coincide with those of ṛ,
and
the vṛddhi of ḷ would
beāl; but actual cases of
these are
quite unknown.
The guṇa of ḷ is al (just
as that
of ṛ is ar), but
it occurs only in one root, kḷp.
As will be seen in the sequel, the guṇa-sound
coincides with the result of the combination
of an a with
the simple vowel corresponding to that guṇa;
thus, a combines
with a
following i or ī into e,
which is also the guṇa of i and ī.
The vṛddhi, in like manner, is
identical with
the result of combining
an a with the
corresponding guṇa;
thus, a combines with a
following e into ai,
the vṛddhi of i and ī.
For the present the table is to be
learned outright.
51. 理论上，ṝ的变化与ṛ的变化一致, ḷ 的延长级是āl；但是未见其实例。ḷ的完整级是al（正像ṛ的完整级是ar），但是它只出现于一个词根，kḷp。在下面将看到，完整级音和a与（完整级所对应的）零级结合的结果和一致；从而，a与后面的i或ī结合为e，这也是i和ī的完整级。延长级同样和a与对应的完整级结合的结果一致；从而，a与后面的e结合为ai，即i和ī的延长级。目前直接记住该表就行了。
52. In all gunating
processes a remains
unchanged -- or, as
it is sometimes
expressed, a is its
own guṇa; ā remains unchanged
for
both guṇa and vṛddhi.
52. 在变为完整级的过程中，a保持不变－－或者，像有时表达的那样，a是它自己的完整级；ā在完整级和延长级中都保持不变。
53. The guṇa-increment
does not, except in exceedingly rare instances,
take place in a heavy syllable (see §48) ending in
a consonant:
e. g., cit may
become cet,
and nī may become ne;
but cint or nind or jīv may
not become cent or nend or jev.
53. 除过在极少数情况下，完整级增长不发生在以辅音结尾的重音节中（见§48）：例如，cit会变为cet, nī会变为ne，但是cint、nind或jīv不会变为cent、nend或jev。
[AbyssThinIce注]
这里，印度语法与现代历史比较语言学有些龃龉：实际上零级（zero grade，对应于“Simple
vowels”）和延长级（lengthened grade，对应于vṛddhi）分别来自完整级（full
grade，对应于guṇa）的弱化和延长，而并非如印度语法那样从零级到完整级再到延长级。
参见维基百科：
Indo-European
ablaut: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut
Roderick S. Bucknell的《Sanskrit Manual: A
Quick-reference Guide to the Phonology and Grammar of Classical
Sanskrit》p7“Vocalic
Gradation”对此解释得非常好，谷歌图书上可以看到此书的大部分：
http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=uUFin8UfMN0C&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
54. Other changes of
vowels and consonants occur very frequently,
in the making-up of single words from roots, by
means of
suffixes and endings, and in the formation of compound
words by
the union of two or more stems -- a process of the
very greatest
frequency in Sanskrit. Furthermore, in the form in
which the
language is handed down to us by the literature, the
words composing
a sentence or paragraph are adapted to and
combined with
each other by nearly the same rules as those which govern
the making
of compounds, so that it is impossible to take apart
and understand
the simplest sentence in Sanskrit without
understanding those
rules. The most important of the rules for such
combination will
be given piecemeal in the
lessons.
54. 在通过后缀和词尾从词根构成单词时，和在通过两个或多个词干的联合来构成复合词（此过程在梵语中极为常见）时，元音和辅音的其他变化也频繁发生。此外，在通过文献将梵语传给我们的形式中，构成句子或段落的词按与构成复合词几乎同样的规则来相互适应和结合，所以如果不理解这些规则，就不可能拆开和理解最简单的句子。这种结合的最重要的规则将在各课中一点点给出。
加载中，请稍候......
加载中…
喜欢