情态名词(modal noun)衍生于情态动词(modal auxiliary verb),它以情态动词词义为底本,集名词的句法功能和词形变化为一体。小巧灵活,词义多变,极大地丰富了英语词汇的表达能力,成为近几年网络及报刊频频使用地“宠儿”。根据英语词汇学,英语词汇(尤其是单音节词)同时具备动词与名词的现象非常普遍,这一理论为大部分单音节的情态动词转化为情态名词奠定了理论基础。
情态名词大多表述说话人主观看待事物的意识倾向,是主观认识的情感反应。其词义取决于相应情态动词的某个词义,而且还有单复数及使用冠词等限定词的功能,同时部分情态名词成双成队出现,成为一种独特的词语排列现象。下面就笔者收集到的情态名词做一总结:
一.dare(经常用作单数名词) 胆量,勇气;挑战,激将 例如:
1.I took his dare to run away.
我接受他的挑战逃跑了。
2. -------“Why did you go into the woods alone?”
------- “It was a dare.”
------- “你为什么孤身走进树林?”
------- “试试胆量。”
3. He climbed onto the roof for a dare.
因为激将他爬上了屋顶。
二.need (只用单数名词形式) 需要,必要。 needs (复数形式)基本必需品;基本需要 例如:
1.There is a great need for a new book on the subject.
非常需要有一本这方面的书。
2.Is there any need for you to go there?
你有必要去哪里吗?
3.I don’t live in luxury but I have enough to satify my needs.
我生活不奢侈,但能满足需要。
4.(saying) Need makes the old wife trot.
(谚语)急时老太婆也能跑。
5.(saying)Your need is greater than mine.
(谚语)你比我更需要。(所以我让给你。)
6.He sleeps whenever he wants and doesn’t care at all about the needs of his parents.
他想睡就睡,丝毫不在乎父母的需要。
三.must (可数名词) 必须的人或物 例如:
1.The new film is an absolutely must.
这片子不可不看。
2.Spend at least a day walking around Mexico City to adjust before you begin exerting yourself. Plenty of water and sunscreen are musts. (from “ 5 day hikes from Mexico City” by Paul Kiernan)
在你努力工作之前,花至少一天时间去墨西哥城溜达溜达,调整调整。充足的饮用水和防晒霜是必需品。
3.I’m wondering whether it should be a must to take wedding photos when getting marriage?
我一直纳闷结婚时照结婚相是否是一件必须做的事情?
四.shall (可数名词和不可数名词)允诺、警告;shalls常和shall-nots连用,表示“承诺与戒律;能做和不能做的事”。 例如:
1.Now there is a box of shall/Shalls made of chocolate/I keep it just for keeping my childhood/A loving dream broken into pieces
巧克力做成承诺/我装了满满一盒/珍藏它是为珍藏我的童年/可爱的美梦破成了碎片
2.Texans have trouble with all those shalls and shall-nots in the 10 Commandments.
在(讨论)《摩西十诫》中的那些承诺与戒律时,德克萨斯人遇到了麻烦。
3. But even with all the “shalls” and “shall-nots,” there were just too many people to live comfortably together.
尽管有所有那些该做和不该做的事,但仍然有太多的人舒适地生活在一起。
五.will (仅用单数名词)意向;决心;意志力。(或与所有格连用)所意欲做的事 例如:
1.The will to live helps a patient recover.
求生的欲望有助病人的康复。
2.He showed a strength of will that overcame all abstacles.
他表现出很强的意志力,克服了所有的障碍。
3.He has always had his will.
他总是自行其是。
4.I was forced to sigh the agreement against my will.
我被迫违心地在协议上签了字。
5.I did it of my own free will.
我做此事出于自愿。
六.can (可数名词) 能办到的事;优点;强项。 其否定词也当名词用,“弱点;办不到的事” 例如:
1.Everyone has many cans and can’ts. By just confessing them you are letting yourself go and passing on all the troubles you might take due to your can’ts!(from “Why English?”)
每个人都有自己的优点与缺点。仅通过向他们承认你在放任自己而且在推诿自己的麻烦,那就是你的不对了。
2.Success comes in cans, failure in can'ts.
(谚语)成于做,毁于惰。
七.might(无复数形式)可能,能力;权力;力量 例如:
1. To be frank, this mission is beyond my might.
说实话,这一使命非我能力所及。
2. He fought back with all his might.
他倾全力反击。
3. He tried with all his might to open the door but it stayed shut.
他竭尽全力去开门,但还是打不开。
八.ought其复数形式常和shoulds连用,表示:“应该干的事,说的话等” 例如:
1. Don’t invent rules. A huge proportion of those “oughts” and "shoulds" that you carry around are most likely needless.
不要发明规则。过分的使用“应该”和“应当”是没必要的。
2.If you use arguments, reasoning and evidence, you may succeed. Go easy on the oughts and shoulds.
如果你使用论据、推理及证据的话,你会得到成功。(从而)从容不迫地干该干的事请。
3.We do not now parade our "oughts" and "shoulds" and motives and beliefs in God. (from “A Valentine's Song” by Robert Louis Stevenson)
我们不炫耀应该做的事、做事的动机和对上帝的信仰。
九. should 其名词复数形式常与oughts连用,用法同oughts,表示“该干/办的事”例如:
1.There were many shoulds and oughts in my mind,so I could not feel happy.
我头脑中有许多应该干的事,因此我感觉不到开心。
2.You try to motivate yourself with shoulds and shouldn’ts, as if you had to be whipped, and punished before you could be expected to do anything.
在你被期望干任何事之前,你尽力用该干的事和不该干的事来激发自己,似乎像受到鞭笞或惩罚似的。
情态名词提法还比较新颖欠成熟,在随意性较强的网络文章中出现频率较高。因情态动词的词义是多变的,故同一情态名词在不同语境中的含义也有较大的差异,甚至还较模糊晦涩。词典对这类词还鲜有涉列,故增加了理解的难度。本文权当抛砖引玉,期待大家批评指正。
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