英语词类手册 第三章  英语代词 第三节 疑问、连接、关系代词㈥

 

编者  四川大竹 张有樑

 

（续前：三、关系代词 2.关系代词的用法 ⑶关系代词which）

⑷that——关系代词that是既指人又指物，因而用得相当普遍。

①关系代词that的先行词若指人，that在所引导的从句中作主语时作用与who同，作宾语时作用与whom同。在口语或非正式文体中，指人的关系词作从句宾语时that、who、whom三者均可互相换用。

例； He that／who sips many arts drinks none. 手艺多了不养人。

 She is the girl that／whom I saw yesterday. 她就是我昨天见到的那个姑娘。

Is he the old man whom／that you wants to see ? 他就是你想见的那个老人吗？

The man that／who／whom you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。

The inventor who／whom／that we knew was very famous.

我们认识的那位发明家是很有名的。

 

②关系代词that可以指代非指人名词或代词之先行词，在从句中可作主语或宾语，并可与which换用。

例：The dog which／that was lost has been found. 丢失的狗找到了。

　　It is Bach’s music which／that fascinates him most. 最令他着迷的是巴赫的音乐。

A prosperity that／which had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。

The package that／which  you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 

你拿着的包快要散了。

 

③关系代词that还可以在它所引导的定语从句中充当表语，这是一般关系代词所不具备的功能【作表语的that可省略】。

例：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的样子了。

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

She is not the brilliant dancer that she used to be．

她不再是过去那个优秀的舞蹈家了。

特别提示：但在非限制性定从中即使作表语也只能用which

例：They thought him dull, which he was not．他们认为他头脑迟钝，实际他并非如此。

The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.

那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。

 

⑸关系代词必须用that的情形

关系代词that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，但在限制性定语从句中的下列情况，就一定得用that。

①当先行词是who，或前面已有who或which【即当主句是以who或which开头的特殊问句】时，为了避免重复，关系代词一般就用that。

例：Which is the car that overtook us？是哪辆车超过了我们？

Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?  带图的哪种书值得读？

Who was it that made such a mess of it? 谁把这搞得一塌糊涂的？

Who was it that you wrote a letter to? 你到底给谁写过信？

Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?

有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢?

 

②当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，只好用两者通指的that。

例：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. 照片上的男孩和狗都很可爱。

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.

我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.

他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him．

他对他所喜欢的人和书侃侃而谈。

 

③当先行词是表示方式、时间、处所、原因等时，只用that而不用which；that也可省略。例：I did like the way (that) she spoke to me．我确实喜欢她对我说话的方式。
    I’ll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived．我永远不会忘记你刚到的那个星期天。

This is the only reason that I can say. 这是我所能说的唯一的理由。

 

④若主句以there be开头，主句主语为先行词，其关系代词应用that。

例：There is a room that has two windows. 有一间开有两个窗户的房间。

There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.

台湾是座美丽的岛屿，这是不可否认的。

 

⑤定语从句为“there be”结构，从句主语只能用that【不用which】，并可省去。

例：This is the only one (that) there is．这是此处所有唯一的一个。

I must make full use of the time (that) there is left to me．

我必须充分利用我剩下的时间。

He is regarded as a gifted musician (that) there has ever been．
他被认为是这里曾有过的一位天才音乐家。

 

⑥当先行词是all、none、few、much、little、no、any、every或the one等不定代词，或受这类词修饰时，关系词通常用that而不用which。

例：All that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法，只好投降。

There are few books that you can read in this book store. 这书店里你能读的书很少。

There is no clothes that fit you here. 这儿没有适合你穿的衣服。

 

⑦先行词是thing或something、anything、everything、nothing等复合代词时，关系代词也只能用that；但指人的复合代词为先行词，则关系代词仍须用who。

例：There is nothing that needs your care. 没有什么需要你关心的事。

Don't do anything that is beneath you. 不要做与你身份不符的事。

He never does anything that is illegal. 他从来不做非法的事。

He lost everything that he held dear. 他失去他所珍视的一切。

I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。

There must be something that took place there. 那儿一定发生了什么事情。

但：Anybody who said that was mistake. 谁那样说都是错的。

 

⑧当先行词受the very、the only或the same等修饰时，关系词通常用that。

例：Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子就只有这一个。

He is the only one among us that knows Russian. 他是我们中间惟一懂俄语的人。

 

⑨当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词【包括last、next等】等修饰时，关系词通常用that。

例：This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited. 

桂林是我所游览过的最美城市之一。

Which was the first／fastest／next steamship that crossed the Atlantic？
哪艘轮船首先／最快／随于其后横渡了大西洋？

 

⑩要是一个复合句含有两个定语从句，如前一个已用关系代词which，后一个关系代词宜用that，反之亦然，以避免重复。但若两个定语从句处于平行结构，则应重复同一个关系代词。

例：I’ll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders.

我要去借一本书，那书讲的是解放军在反抗侵略者的战斗中表现出的英雄事迹。

但：He told me to read an article that is very short, and that is very interesting.

他告诉我去读一篇很短却很有趣的文章。

　　We live in the house which is located on the hillside and which faces the south.

我们住在那山坡上座北朝南的房子里。

 

⑹特殊关系代词as【与which比较而论】

如果将as用作关系代词，那是有一定条件的。那就是单独只能引导非限制性定语从句，或者得与某些词固定匹配而使用于限制性定语从句中。

①as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾；处于句首或句中时常常被翻译成“正如…／正像…”；处于句末时，作用与which相当【which引导的从句就常常位于句末而几乎不放在句首】。

例：As he hoped, he saw the girl．正如他所希望的，他见到了那个女孩儿。

She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case．

她没有像她朋友所担心的那样，把箱子打开。【as指下文open the case这件事】

He married her，which／as was natural．他和她结婚了，这是自然的。

 

②关系词as作从句主语时，一般见于“主—系—表”句型或被动结构【实际上有些已经形成固定形式如as is often the case(通常就是这样)、as is well known(众所周知) 】等。但which从句并不受此限制。

例：Things, as is often the case, will turn out to be contrary to one’s wishes．

很常见的情况是，事与愿违。

As is well known, to conduct an electric current means to transmit electrons.

众所周知，传导电流意味着传输电子。

He must be an African, which／as may be seen from the color of his skin．

他一定是非洲人，这可以从他的皮肤颜色看出来。【as在被动结构中作主语；也可用which】

但：He saw the girl, which delighted him．【此从句为“主—谓—宾动”式故不能用as】

他见到了那位姑娘，这使他很高兴。

 

③限制性定语从句中，as常与so、such或the same、the case连用【不能使用which】。

例：Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve．【as作定从宾语】

这里有一个很难的问题，我们谁也解决不了。

Such poets as are Li Bai and Dufu are rare nowadays.【as作定从主语】

现在诸如李白杜甫这样的诗人很少了

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. 【as做宾语】

你描绘的那种人如今很少见了。

I don’t like such books as he recommends.

我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。【as作定从谓语recommends的宾语】

He returned with tobacco, matches, and such provisions as were needed．

他带着烟叶，火柴和所需供应品回来了。

 

④as引导的定语从句，其内容与主句内容为相辅相承关系，而不是相反关系【which则无此限制】。
例：He arrived late, as／which was usual with him．【相辅相承关系】

  他迟到了，这对他来说是常有的事。

He arrived late, which was unusual．【相反关系】

（本章第三节疑问、连接、关系代词续完）