英语词类手册 第三章  英语代词 第三节 疑问、连接、关系代㈤

 

编者  四川大竹 张有樑

 

（续前：三、关系代词 1.复合句中的定语从句 ⑶定从与非限定从句的区别）

2.关系代词的用法

定语从句的存在，离不开关系词，其中以关系代词的运用最为繁琐。需要在此特别说明的是：当关系代词充当定语从句主语时，其谓语动词的数应与其先行词保持一致。

⑴who与whom——专用于指人的关系代词

①先行词指人时，用who在定语从句中作主语。

例：There was no one who was uninspired. 莫不为之鼓舞。【who引导限定从】

It is undoubtedly she who has said that. 这话明明是她说的。

That only was a manager who was a total zero. 那只是一个等于废物的经理。

The girl who is making a speech right now is our monitor.

正在做演讲的女孩是我们班的班长.
Yesterday I visited Mrs. Ma, who seemed to be very ill. 【who引导非限定从】

昨天，我去看了马夫人，她看上去似乎病得很重。

His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned him last night.

他父亲在广东务工，昨晚给他来了电话。

 

②指人的代词those为先行词，其后习惯用who作关系词【而不用that】；但在“those+复数名词”结构中，其后的关系代词多用which【而不用who】。

例：Be generous to those who need help. 对需要帮助的人要慷慨。

Those who take bribes will be punished．受贿的人要受到惩罚。

　　Those who remained were poorly nourished. 留下来的也变得贫困。

Those who speculate are called speculators. 做投机的人称投机户。

但：I like those two girls which do their hair in the same way.

我喜欢那两个把头发梳成相同式样的女孩。

 

③whom——指人，在定语从句中作宾语。

例：He is a man whom everybody respected. 他是一个受到人人尊敬的人。【限定从】

Ms. Ling is just the lady whom I want to see. 林小姐正是我想见的那位女士。

I don’t know the girl whom you are talking about. 我不认识你们在说的那位姑娘。

The man whom I saw told me to come back today. 我看见的那个人嘱咐我今天返回来。

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。【作介词to的宾语】

Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 【非限定从】

彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。

We respected Xiao Li, whom we used to make fun of.

我们都尊敬小李，从前我们常开他的玩笑。

特别提示：限制性定语从句中whom的替换与省略

只在定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词whom，在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，并可省略；但在非限制性定语从句中却不能够省略。

例：The man (who = whom) you met at the gate just now is a surgeon

你刚才在大门口遇见的那人是位外科医生。

Mr. Liu is the person (who／whom) you talked about on the bus.

刘先生就是你们在公交车上谈到的那个人。

This is Jack, who／whom you haven’t met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。

 

⑵whose——是既可指人也可指物的关系代词，在它所引导的定语从句中充当定语。

①指人的whose为who的所有格，作“某(些)人的…”解，它所指代的先行词必须是人。

例：The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．

她妈是医生的那个女孩在外面等你。

He is the right person whose personality is well recognized.

他正是被公认为个性很好的那个人。

This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake．

这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。

Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn’t been handed in．

刘老师要跟那些没交家庭作业的学生谈话。

 

②指物的whose是which的所有格，作“某(些)物的…”解，它所指代的先行词必须是物。

例：The book whose cover is red is not mine. 封面是红色的那本书不是我的。

The room whose windows are broken is unoccupied．窗户坏了的那个房间没有人住。

We live in a housewhose windows open to the south 我们住在一所窗户朝南开的房子里。

The company whosename was Notco was in Australia．

那个名叫诺特可的公司设在澳大利亚。

 

③whose可修饰定语从句中的主语、宾语、介词宾语等不同成分。

例：This is the pencil whosepoint is broken. 这就是那支折了尖的铅笔。

The man whose teeth are badly hurt is Mr. Smith. 牙痛得厉害的那人是史密斯先生。

It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 那是一个岛屿，它的名字我已忘记了。

We shall have to make a decision about Ms King, whose story I’ve just told you．

关于金女士的情况，我刚才已经告诉你们了，我们得对她的事情作出决定。

The boss in whose department Mr King worked called at the hospital．

金先生工作单位的老板到医院来探视。

 

④whose既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

例：I have a friend whose name is Li Ming. 我有一个朋友名字叫李明。【限定从】

The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. 工作得头奖的那女孩是我女儿。

Mr.Huang, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital．

黄先生的腿受了重伤，很快就被送往医院。【非限定从】

The boss of the company, whose name was Mr Little, told the story．

公司的老板叫利特尔，他讲述了这个故事。

 

⑤由于whose具有兼作who和 which的所有格的双重功能，故在指人时可用of whom代替whose，指物时可用of which代替whose。 其格式为：

whose +名词 = the +名词+ of whom／of which

= of which／of whom the +名词

例：Do you know anyone whose family is in Xi’an? 你认识哪位家住西安的人吗？

=Do you know anyone of whom the family is in Xi’an?

=Do you know anyone the family of whom is in Xi’an?

This kind of book is for children whose native language is Chinese．

【＝This kind of book is for children the native language of whom is Chinese．】

这种书是给母语是汉语的儿童看的。

Mr Brown has written a novel whose name【＝the name of which】I’ve completely forgotten．

布朗先生写了部小说，其书名我完全忘了。

I live in a room whose window【＝the window of which】opens to the south.

我住在一间窗户朝南开的屋子里。

 

⑥但按照英语习惯用法，下列情况中的of whom或of which切不可用whose换用：

a).凡是of whom或of which同数词或代词【如some、many、little等】连用表示部分与整体关系时，通常不可用whose。

例：There are 45 students in our class, 35 of whom are League members.

我们班有45名学生，其中35名是团员。

Mr White wrote many articles, some of which were translated into Chinese.

怀特先生写了不少文章，其中一些被译成了中文。

 

b).凡是of whom或of which修饰定语从句中的主语，且是表示同位关系的代词both、all等时，切不可用whose。

例：I have two sons, both of whom serve in the army. 我有两个儿子，都在部队服役。

He has some novels, all of which are written in Russian. 他有一些小说，都是用俄文写的。

 

⑶关系代词which——一般指事物，但也可用指婴孩或动物。

①关系代词which可代替指物的先行词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

例：The trees which stand by the river are large and tall. 河边的树很高大。

I don’t want to buy the things which are cheaper than usual. 我不想买便宜货。

He was impatient of views which did not agree with his own. 他讨厌与自己不同的观点。

I want to buy a house which is inexpensive yet comfortable.

我想买一座又便宜又舒适的房子。

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. 【非限定从】

北京，这中国的首都，是座非常美丽的城市。

I did that which I ought to do. 我做了我所应该做的事。

That is a factor which we must not neglect. 这是我们不应忽视的一个因素。

There is one thing which we did not think of. 有一件事是我们没想到的。

That is the factory which we visited the other day. 那就是我们那天参观过的那个工厂。

I cannot remember the make of photocopier which he said to be so good.

我想不起他说过的那种相当好的影印机的牌子。

Our school building, which we built the year before last, is very beautiful.

我们的教学大楼非常漂亮，是我们前年修建的。【非限定从】

 

②which不仅可指无生命的事物，也可用指有生命的动物或婴孩。

例：The cat which caught those rats is ours. 捉到那些老鼠的猫是我们的。

Was yours the dog which bit the quarry to death？咬死猎物的狗是你的吗？

Where's the baby which needs injection? 需要打针的婴儿在哪里?

This is the baby which was born on march 15. 这就是3月15日出生的那个婴儿。

 

③指代指物先行词若直接放在介词后作宾语，通常只用which【不用也可指物的that】。

例：That is the unit to which he belongs. 那就是他的所在单位。

The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。

We remembered the time at which the event had occured. 我们记住了那事件发生的时刻。

She wangled a job for which she had no training.

她骗取了一个她根本没有受过有关方面训练的工作。

特别提示：指物关系代词若不紧跟在介词后边也可用that

比较：The ladder which／that I was standing on began to slip．

The ladder on which I was standing began to slip．

我正站着的那个梯子开始滑动。

又如：This is the book (that) she was looking for. 这是她正在找的那本书。

There’s only one problem about which they disagree.

只有一个问题他们意见不一致。

 

④如果先行词是that，关系代词就得用which，以避免相邻词形的重复。

例：I did that which I ought to do. 我做了我所应该做的事。

We have sent that which you require. 我们送出了你要求的东西。

I have received that which you gave me. 我收到了你所给我的东西。

What was that which he gave you? 他给你的是什么?

Think not of that which perishes. 不要往那腐烂的东西上去想。

 

⑤指物的先行词有复杂的修饰成份时，便倾向于使用which。

例：I have interests outside my immediate work and its problems which I find satisfying．

在我的直接工作及其相关问题之外，我还有令人满意的爱好。

 

⑥如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔，关系代词常用which。

例：Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.

拉里给她讲了一个年青飞行员的故事，也就是我在这书开头所讲的。

 

⑦which可引导非限定性定语从句，用以说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。

例：He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说他在那里看见我，那是谎话。

She was very hospitable, which made me feel at home.

她非常好客，这使得我不感到拘束【感到如在家里】。

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没有领会我的意思，这使我很心烦。

A good deal went on in steppe, which he­ —her father— did not know.

草原上发生了许多事情，他——她的父亲——并不知道。

That I exist is a perpetual surprise, which is life. 我的存在是个永远的迷，这就是人生。

Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 【主句谓语为先行词】

彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。

I asked my son to reel off the name of all the capital of Europe, which he did immediately.

我叫我儿子一口气说出欧洲各国首都的名字来，他立刻就照办了。

【先行词是主句谓语的宾语补足语to reel off the name of all the capital of Europe】

（未完待续）