英语省略句㈧

取录自《英语自学参考系列·句法手册》第四章 英语句型中的变式句 第三、四节 省略句

编者 川竹 樑翁

 

 

（续前：三、替代省略与不定式的省略1.英语中的替代省略⑴名词性替代）

⑵动词性替代——动词性替代(verbal substitution)是指用替代词代替动词或动词短语。

作为替代用法的do叫作代动词(pro-verb)，主要是用在并列分句中。代动词do的用法有二：其一是替代动词词组即整个谓语，其二是替代动词词组的中心词即谓语动词。

①do是谓语的替代形式——代动词do用来代替后面分句的相应动词及其后面的宾语、状语等，从而引起省略。。

例：She works harder than you do.  她工作比你努力。【此do代替work hard】

He got up early, and I did, too.  他早起，我也起得早。【did代替got up early】
You told him about it; I did, too.  你已告诉了他这件事，我也告诉他了。【did代替told him about it】

Johnson speaks German as fluently as Mary does. 约翰逊讲德语能讲得和玛丽讲得一样流利。【does替代speaks German】

Oh, how I wanted to rest!? But if I did【=rested】，I would freeze. 哦，我好想休息呀!？但如果我休息就会被冻坏。

James and Susan often go to plays but James enjoys the theatre more than Susan does.

詹姆斯和苏珊常去看剧，但詹姆斯比苏珊更爱看剧。【Susan后之does替代enjoys the theatre】

Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example.

有些人喜欢打网球后洗个澡，例如彼得就是这样。【does替代like a shower after they have played tennis】

特别提示：do的替代须注意

A do不能替代被动语态中出现的动词。

例：Their papers are kept as carefully as ours are kept. 他们的报纸如我们的报纸一样精心地保存着。【不能改为are done】

The door was falling to pieces. The windows were doing【=falling to pieces】too.

(当时)门就(被)摔成了碎片，几扇窗子也同样成了碎片。【不能写成被动句】

Bdo替代动词词组时，须受主语人称和数的制约，并有现在时和过去时的形式变化，见前例句。

又例：—Does John have any chance? 约翰有(任何)机会吗？ “” “”

—Yes, he does.【= has a chance】是的，约翰有机会。

—I’ll eat and drink less, too. Perhaps it will cure me. 我也要少吃少喝一些。也许这样就能治好我的病。

—And of course ,it will do.【= will cure you】当然，也许这样会治好病的。

Martin drives a car by himself, and his sister does【=drives a car by herself】，too. 马丁自己开车，他姐姐也是自己开车。

 

②代动词do常与so搭配，替代谓语部分主要包括“动词+宾语”、“动词+状语”、“动词+宾语+状语”等结构。如果这些结构已在上文出现过，在下文中便可用do so来替代。

例：—Jack can jump over the fence. 杰克能跳过这个栅栏。

－I’m not sure whether David can do so【= jump over the fence】. 大卫能不能，我没把握。【动状结构】

“Now, breathe deeply, Charlie,” Charlie does so. “现在，深呼吸，查利。”查利照做了。【=breathes deeply】

Tom speaks quickly, but his son doesn’t do so. 汤姆说话说得很快，但他的儿子却说不快。【代“动+状”】

Tim drinks a lot. Does his father do so?  提姆能喝很多，他父亲也这样吗？【代“动+宾”】

Jane has read the newspaper today, and she will do so tomorrow. 简今天看了报纸，她明天也将会看报。

He worked very hard in the past, and he will do so in the future. 他过去工作很努力，他将来也会努力的。

She read the words clearly, but the other girls didn’t do so. 她读词读得很清楚，但其他女生却读不清楚。

He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. 【do so =tell me the news】

他说他会告诉我这个消息的，但他没有这样做。

Dr. Smith always examines his patients carefully, and he is doing so now. 【代“动+宾+状”】

史密斯医生总是仔细地检查他的病人，他现在正在这样做。

 

③起替代作用的“do so”结构中的so也可为it、that、this所取代。其中it系指具体事物，do it在口语中使用较多；do that／do this则口气较重。

例：He had promised to pay, but failed to do so／it／that. 他答应支付，但没有这样做。

—“Who broke this window?” the policeman shouted.  警察大声问道：“是谁打破了窗户？”

—“I did it【=broke this window】”Soapy said happily. “是我干的。”苏比面带高兴地说。

—You must let the king find out for himself why he is always ill. 你必须让国王自己明白为什么他总是生病。

—How can I do that?” 【= let the king find out for himself why he is always ill?】 那我该怎么做呢？

He must not always be translating everything into his own language. If he does this【= always translates everything into his own language】, it shows he has not mastered it.

他不应该把什么都译成自己的母语。如果他这样做了，就表明他没有掌握好这种语言。

 

④有时，do so也可与do the same交替使用。

例：Mother cleaned the room and I did the same【=…and I did so, too】. 妈妈打扫了房间，我也(照样)打扫了房间。

He began to write science articles for the newspaper and told me to do the same【=…and told me to do so, too】.

他开始为报纸写科普文章，并叫我也做同样的事情。

特别提示：do so的替代须注意

Ado so主要用于表达自愿的、故意的行为；但若象lose、like等动词构成的谓语，一般不能用do so 代替。

例：She lost her money. I was surprised that she did.【不能说did so】

她把钱弄丢了。让我惊讶的是，竟然是她丢了钱。

Bdo so表达的是同一主语所做的前面已提到的同一动作。如果主语不同，则不用do so 代替。

例：You look more like a monkey than he does. 你看起来比他更像一只猴子。【不能说does so】

Cdo so、do it、do that、do this 可采取非限定形式，有时它们替代的就是非限定动词。

例：John is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.

约翰打算做试验，他想让我也去跟他一起做实验。【to do it = to make the experiment】

Mrs.Clarke wanted to scream, but she knew it would be wrong to do that.

克拉克太太想尖叫，但她知道这样做会是错的。【to do that = to scream】

Then it has no choice but to lie down and steep, to do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm.

那时它除了躺下睡觉便别无选择，要躺下睡觉，就必须找到一处可以保暖的地方。【to do that= to lie down and sleep】

D当do so、do that、do it、do the same 等用于疑问句、否定句，或用于强调口气时，它们可以与助动词【包括助动词do】配合使用。

例：—Do they go to work by train? 他们常乘火车去上班吗?

—Yes, but we don’t do so. 是的，但我们上班不乘火车。

—Mary is paying for her own ticket. 玛丽在为自己付钱买票。

—Yes, but Joan isn’t doing that／isn’t doing the same／isn’t doing so.是的，但琼却不是这样。

 

⑤动词性替代在口语中比在书面语中用得多，在英国英语中比在美国英语中用得多。而且，do so还可以采取非限定动词形式。

例：—Jane is crying for some more cake in the kitchen. 简正在厨房里哭着还要些蛋糕。

—Yes, but her little brother isn’t doing so【=crying for some more cake】.是的，但她的弟弟就不这样。

As no one else has succeeded in doing so【= solving the mystery】, I shall attempt to solve the mystery myself.

由于还没有别的人成功地这样做过，我自己将试图解开这个谜团。

The children played doctors and nurses. We watched them doing that, but they wanted us to do so, too.

孩子们扮演医生和护士，我们看着他们这样做，但他们希望我们也这样做。【doing that和to do so均指扮演医生和护士】

特别提示：do so的非限定形式有时可以倒置

例：So doing would quite frankly be foolish. 这样做的确很愚蠢。【此so doing即doing so】

Roberts was rounding up the cattle. When asked why he was so doing, he did not reply

罗伯茨在集拢牛群。当问到他为什么这样做，他没有回答。

So to do【=To do so】is to betray the confidence of their readers. 这样做是对读者信心的背叛。

在带to的不定式结构中，do和so可以倒置，但此属正式语体，较少见。

（未完待续）