英语倒装句式分项例析㈢

       取录自《英语自学参考系列手册·句法手册》 第四章英语变式句 第一节倒装句

编者  川竹 樑翁

（续前：2.各种部分倒装句式）

3. 陈述句中出现的倒装句

英语的陈述句基本上应是采用自然语序，但在某些情景下需要或者可以用倒装语序。

⑴否定词语在句首引起部分倒装

①当绝对否定词not、never及含no的单词出现于句首时，句子需用部分倒装。

例：Not a finger did I lay on him．我从没有指责过他。

Not a single word have we written down．我们一个字也没写下。

Never have I felt better．我感到比过去任何时侯都好。

Never has he been daunted by difficulties. 他从来没有被困难所吓倒。

Never before has our country been so rapidly developing as it is today.【as后状从】我们国家从未像现在这样高速发展。

Never did she care about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.

虽然她处于极大的危险之中，但她根本不顾自己的安全。

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你将没地方能找到这个问题的答案。

 

②含有no的短语常出现在句首表强调，要用倒装。

下面几个含no的短语其字面意思基本一样：at no time (决不)、in no way (决不)、on no account (决不)、under no circumstances (决不)，但用在具体的环境中，表意会有一定的差异。然而，in no time (立即／马上) 位于句首时，其后句子无需用倒装语序。

例：At no time was the President aware of what was happening．总统一直不知道发生了什么事。【be aware of知道】

Under no circumstances can customers’ money be refunded.  在任何情况下也不能向顾客退钱。

In／Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.  无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。

In no way can Mrs Pethers be held responsible．不管怎么说，也不该由佩塞斯夫人承担责任。

On no account must we relax our revolutionary vigilance．我们决不可放松革命警惕性。

On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals．参观者一律不得给动物喂食。

On no account must this employee be removed.  这个雇员决不可解聘。【on no account决不】

On no accounts must this switch be touched.  这个开关是绝不能触摸的。

然而：In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。

In no time she reported the story back.  她马上报告了事情的经过。

 

③带否定词的连词not until引出主从复合句出现于句首时，句子须用部分倒装——主句倒装，从句不倒装。但若not until不在句首，句子不倒装。

例：Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking.  他直到失去健康才会戒酒。

Not until quite recently did I realize that language was closely related to culture．

只是最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。【that后宾从】

Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is. 【what后宾从】

直到十九世纪初人们才知道热是怎么回事。

但：Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.＝He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped.

雨停了之后他才离开这房间。

It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact. 直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。

 

④以否定词开头的关联连词not only…but also… (不但…而且…)连接句子时，前面的分句要用倒装语序，第二分句则不倒装；但如连接的是两个并列成分，即使在句首也不用倒装。

例：Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do. 不但是你忙，我也有许多工作要做。

Not only does he teach in school, but he writes novels.  他不但在学校教书，而且还写小说。

Not only did she speak correctly, but also she spoke fluently.  她不但说得正确，而且说得… 流利。

Not only does she speak English very well, but also she speaks French well.  她不但英语讲得很好，法语也讲得好。

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不但拒绝了礼物，而且还严厉地批评了送礼的人。Not only did we lose all our money，but we also came close to losing our lives．

我们不但把钱全丢了，还几乎丢了命。 【come close to 接近】

但：Not only he but also his younger sister is good at writing.  不仅他，而且他的妹妹也都擅长书法。【并列主语】

He not only speaks French fluently but also writes it well. 他不仅法语讲得流利，而且书写也好。【并列谓语】

She is not only a singer but also a pianist. 她不仅是歌手而且也是钢琴家。【并列表语】

 

⑤半否定词seldom、little、hardly、rarely、scarcely等位在句首时，句子须用部分倒装。但如果句首的hardly、scarcely后面接的是any并修饰主语或充当主语，则无须倒装。

例：Seldom had I seen such a remarkable creature．我很少见到过这样一位非同寻常的女子。

Seldom in all my life have I met such a brave man.  我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人。

Little did I think (that) he is a spy. 我一点也没想到他是一个间谍。【that后宾从】

Hardly had his father been more helpful．他父亲几乎没肯提供更多帮助。

Rarely could she have been faced with so difficult a choice. 她很少碰到过这样两难的局面。

Scarcely did he speak about the difficulties in his work．他很少谈到自己工作中的困难。

但：Hardly any people invited went there.  几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。

Scarcely any of the students did well on the test.  学生的测试成绩几乎都不好。

 

⑥含半否定词意表“一…就…”的关联结构hardly…when…与scarcely…when…与no sooner…than…，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。它们可用正常语序成句，如“主语+had hardly done when+主语+did”；也可用部分倒装的“Hardly had+主语+ done when+主语+ did”句式。其中hardly、scarcely、no sooner所在的句子谓语用过去完成时；when、than是连词，为“就在这时”之意，它们引导的从句谓语用一般过去时。

例：Hardly had the bell rung when the class began. 铃声一响就开始上课。

=The bell hardly had rung when the class began. 【直译：铃几乎还没响完就上课了。】

Hardly had the baby seen the dog when she cried. 那婴孩一看到狗就哭了起来。

Hardly had he finished his words when someone rose to ask him questions．他还未说完，就有人站起来提问。

Scarcely had she sat down when the telephone rang.  她刚一坐下电话就响了。

Scarcely had he begun to work when John came to see him． 他刚开始工作，忽然约翰来看他。

No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work. 他一到北京就开始工作。

No sooner had the interpreter returned home than he was told to go to another country.

那位翻译刚踏进国门就又受命要去他国。

 

⑦上述各否定词语如若不在句首句子不倒装——在所有这些句首否定的结构中，否定词语都可以放在句子较后面的部分，如此句子就不用倒装了。只是这样一来，一般就不显得那么文气，那么正式了。

例：I have never seen such a performance.  我从未看过这样的表演。

The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.  妈妈等孩子睡着了才离开。

比较：Never shall I forgive him. →I shall never forgive him.  我永远不会宽恕他。

Seldom does he go out for dinner. →He seldom goes out for dinner.  他很少出去吃饭。

Hardly does she have time to listen to music. →She hardly has time to listen to music.  她几乎没时间听音乐。

Little does he realize how important this meeting is. →He little realizes how important this meeting is.

他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。

No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off.

→We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。

 

⑵only位在句首的句子需部分倒装

①副词only(只有)若放在简单句的句首，强调紧随其后的状语【介词短语、副词等】，全句语序要部分倒装。

例：Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

Only in this way can you make progress in your English.  只有这样，你的英语才能有进步。

Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.  只是在过了一年之后，我才开始看到我工作的成果。

Only in this way can we get in touch with them. 【get in touch with 和...取得联系】只有用这办法，我们才能与他取得联系。

Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living．

只有少数国家能使全体人口享受较高的生活水平。

 

②但若only位于句首修饰的是状语从句，从句一般不倒装而主句需要部分倒装。

例：Only because he was ill, was he absent from school . 只因为他是病了，才没去上学。

Only when you have finished your homework, can you go home.  只有当你做完作业以后，你才能回家。

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened. 只在当他告诉我那消息时，我才知道发生了什么事。

Only after she left did l find this bag．只是在她离开之后，我才发现这只提包。

Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.

只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

Only after they had performed hundreds of experiments did they succeed in solving the problem．

只是在做了几百次实验之后，他们才把这一问题解决了。

 

③当only放在句首，强调主语时，语序不必倒装；only不在句首时，语序也不必倒装。

例：Only Mr Wang knows about it. 只有王先生知道这事。【only强调主语；know about 知道...】

Only that girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。

We can improve our English only in this way．我们只有用这种办法才能提高英语水平。【only不在句首】

I only began to see the results of my work after several months．我干了几个月之后才开始见成果。

（倒装句未完待续）