英语否定祈使句与Let祈使句
(2013-10-03 12:33:09)
标签:
英语句法祈使句教育 |
否定祈使句与Let祈使句
录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第三章 英语各种功能句(简写版)
第六节
编者
1.否定祈使句基本句式:Don’ t+原形动词…!/.【书面语多用Do not】
⑴祈使句中的not否定形式
①祈使句的否定式以do not【口语中常缩写为 don’t】加在动词原形之前构成,句末用感叹号或句号。
例:Do not shout aloud.
Do not come in unless asked.
Don’t
lose the key.
Don’t
neglect dreams.
②don’t还可加于系表祈使句首,don’t be【=don’t become】常用于表“劝告”之意。
例:Don’t be silly!
Don’t be careless!
Do not be afraid of any difficulties!任何困难也不要怕!
Don’t be an ass.
Don’t be a clown/a fool/an idiot!
③若否定祈使句首加用了please,则don’t位于please之后。
例:Please don’t get angry. 请不要生气。
Please don’t stand on ceremony! 请别客气!
Please don’t give up the little cat.
④祈使句中not的否定范围,除句子的谓语外,也可以是其它成分,比如说系表结构后面的不定式或从句。——这类句子可用于叮嘱对方不要做什么。
例:Be careful
not to take cold.
Be
careful not to burn yourself.
Be sure you don't go past your station.
Be sure you don’t break any of them.
⑵否定祈使句的强调形式——加never或用be sure
①否定祈使句也可用语气较强的否定副词never取代do not,表否定强调。
例:Never do that again!
Never
do things by halves.
Never go back on your friends.
Never be blinded by private interests.
②“be sure +动词不定式”也能构成强调否定祈使句。
例:Be sure not
to delay.
Be
sure not to forget it
Be
sure not to overcook it.
Be
sure not to become conceited.
2.经由变化的否定祈使句
⑴带主语的否定祈使句
①带主语的祈使句,可将don’t直接加在主语之前,但这样用的don’t,不能改用do not。
例:Don’t you dare to
refuse!
Don’t you switch off the light.
Don’t you get
impertinent with me!
Don’t anyone make
any noise.
Don’t Jack and Susan stand over there!
②当名词作否定祈使句的主语时,也可放在句末作为呼语表示出来。
例:Don’t scrawl
on the wall, child.
Don’t be so careless, boys and girls.
⑵含no的强制性否定祈使句
①用nobody作祈使句主语,也带命令口气。
例:Nobody move.
Nobody say a
word!
②no与动名词连用可构成简略否定祈使句,意表“禁止”。这种结构也可用not或含有否定意义的动词改写而成。【“no+动名词”也属特殊形式的祈使句】
例:No parking!
= Parking not allowed!
No spitting!
= Spitting prohibited!
二、Let祈使句
由let (让)开头而起的句子也是一种祈使句,是用以表示建议、请求等情感的句子;let前的主语you通常省略而不能补充还原。
1. Let祈使句句式:Let +宾语 +宾语补足语.
因let是一个需带宾语补足语的使役动词,let后的宾语补足语就常用无to不定式【即用动词原形,绝对不要to】(短语),有时也用in、out之类表方位的副词。Let后的宾补,偶尔也见用到介词短语。
⑴let后接第一人称宾格代词——表示“建议”
①Let us/Let’s +动词原形——Let后接第一人称复数宾格代词us,再接无to不定式(短语)作宾补。一般而言,Let’s是Let us的缩写形式,但具体用法上仍有细微差别。/
例:Let us
go.
Let us do
so.
Let us start
work.
Let us drink
your health.
Let’s take a
taxi!
Let‘s say
good-bye here.
Let’s eat
out tonight.
Let’s have a
hamburger.
特别提示:比较 let’s与let us的微小区别
Let us既可指说话者一方【表示请求或命令】,也可以指说话者和听话者双方【表示建议或劝诱】,此用法在语体上较为正式。习惯上let’s只能用指说话者和听话者双方,不能单指说话者一方【即不能用来表示命令或请求】。
A现将let’s与let us稍作比较:
例:我们做朋友吧。
译:Let’s be friends. 【较口语化】
Let us be friends. 【较正式】
又例:让我们告诉你我们在博物馆里看到的情况。
译:Let us tell you what we saw in the museum.【√】
若:*Let’s tell you what we saw in the museum.【×】
B在反意问句中,表示请求或命令时,用 will you;表示建议或劝诱时,用 shall we。
例:我们一起去游泳好吗?
译:Let’s go swimming together, shall we?【较口语化】
Let us go swimming together, shall we?【较正式】
又例:让我们跟你一起去好吗?
英译:Let us go with you, will you? 【√】
*Let’s go with you, will you/shall we? 【×】
②Let me +动词原形——Let后接第一人称单数宾格代词me,再接无to不定式(短语)作宾补。主要用于说话者I要求对方you“让我”做某事。
例:Let me see. 让我想想/让我看看/让我想想看。
Let me have a try. 我来试一试。
Let me have a look. 让我看一下。
Let me go and look for it. 让我去寻找它。
Let me pay for myself. 让我自己来付我的那份钱。
⑵let后接第三人称词及其它
①Let him/her/it/them +动词原形——Let后接第三人称单、复数宾格代词him、her、it或them等,再接无to不定式(短语)作宾补。主要用于要求或建议让第三方去做某事。
例:Let him talk
on.
Let him do
as he pleases.
Just let her
try!
Let her have
her cry out.
Let
her do what she
likes.
Let it lie.
Let it be.
Let it be
so!
Let them
check.
Let them
enter.
Let them all
come!
②let后可跟名词(词组)作宾语,以第三人称宾语对待。
例:Let the meat
cook slowly.
Let every
man do his best.
Let XYZ be a
triangle.
Let the two
lines be parallel.
③let后跟you较少见,但跟第二人称反身代词相对多些;let后的宾补有时由副词充当。
例:Let
you and I try to make this all right.
Go on, enjoy
yourself; let yourself go.
Let yourself fall in love, then break free. 让自己陷入情网,然后让自己跳出情网。
Let her in.
Let him out!
Let me off
here.
Let me
alone, please.
④let后接there be句式——多用no +n.为主语,表否定句意。
例:Let
there
be
no
reprisals.
Let there be no ill will 勿存歹心,勿存恶念。
Let there be
no misunderstanding.
Let there be no mistake about it.
Let there be
no repetition of the same mistakes.
2. Let祈使句的否定与强调
⑴Let宾语是第一、三人称词的否定式——“Do not let…do”或“Let … not do”
①let宾语是第一人称代词时,其否定句多用“Let me/us not do”格式。
例:Let us not
disappoint them.
Let us
not vex the question.
Let us
not delude ourselves!
Let us not be in such a hurry.
②如果以第一人称复数宾语us的缩写形式Let’s开头的祈使句,基本上多用“Let's not do”格式否定句。
例:Let’s not get angry.
Let’s
not get separated.
Let’s
not tell him the truth.
Let’s
not have any boasting.
③但在日常口语或非正式的英语中,我们也可见到“Don’t let’s/let us/let me do”格式的否定句。这样用能够表示诚恳或较强的语气。
例:Don’t let me try again!
Do not let us start yet!
Don’t let us go there on foot!
Don’t let’s go now. 我们现在不要去吧。
Don’t
let’s tell him the truth.
④let宾语是第三人称名词或代词时,其否定句多用“Don’t let+宾语+do”格式。
例:Don’t let
failure deter you.
Don’t let your resentment build up.
Don’t let the meat defrost too quickly.
Do not
let it worry you.
Do not
let that worry you.
Do not
let that distress you.
⑤若let宾语是第三人称代词,少数时候也用“Let him/them not do”格式表否定。
例:Let them not
weep.
Let him not repeat such words.
Let
him not lie in the bondage of night.
(未完待续)

加载中…