加载中…小品词词类判断
(2013-08-05 18:52:24)
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郭瑞霞haoyingyu教育教育 |
小品词词类判断
什么叫小品词？
【理解要领】
※介词、副词形一样，句中作用不相同，介词后面要宾语，副词后面宾不用。
※介词要和动一起，副词可与动分开；及物动词加副词；不及物动词加介词，加了介词相当于及物动词。
1. 常用介、副同形的单词有：
|
in |
|
up |
down |
off |
|
out |
Over |
along |
by |
through |
|
across |
Round |
across |
round |
near |
|
before |
Behind |
past |
since |
under |
最难区别的几个小品词：
|
in |
|
up |
out |
off |
|
down |
Over |
through |
along |
by |
2. 介词、副词的区别方法：
【判别方法】
He got off the bus /at the
corner．（按照意群来划分，bus是off的宾语，所以这里的off是介词）
他在拐角处下了公共汽车。
He get
off /at the corner．（按照意群来划分，off后面没有词，所以这里的off是副词）
他在拐角处下车。
I found him in. (in后没有名词，它就是副词。)
我发现他在里面。
I found him /in the room. （按照意群来划分，in是和the room联系在一起构成介词短语的，所以它是介词。）
我发现他在室内。
3. 副词的不同使用方法
【副词使用方法】
这种副词两边分，有的跟动词联系紧；有的句末单独行。
|
可跟动词一起构成短语动词的副词 |
||||
|
in |
|
up |
down |
off |
|
out |
Over |
along |
by |
through |
|
across |
Round |
|
|
|
|
只能放在句末使用的副词 |
||||
|
before |
Behind |
past |
since |
under |
|
near |
|
|
|
|
更多例句：
They were here/ before
six．（介词）
他们6点之前在这里。
He has done this sort of work before．（副词）
他以前干过这种工作。
Push the car /across the bridge. (介词)
请把车推过桥。
Put your hands across and tie them together. （副词）
请把双手交叉，并将它们捆起来。
Peter is /behind us．（介词）
彼得在我们的后面。
He′s a long way behind．（副词）
他远远地落在后面。
The train passed/ through the tunnel. （介词）
列车穿过了隧道。
Let me pass through, please. (副词)
请让我通过。
She climbed/ over the wall．（介词）
她爬过墙头。
You′ll have to climb over too．（副词）
你也得爬过去。
When the meeting was over,
会议结束后代表们各自回家了。（这里over=finished结束）
The shop is just/ round the corner．（介词）
商店拐过街口就是。
Come round（to my
house）any
evening．（副词）
The earth moves /around the sun. （介词）
地球绕着太阳转。
The good news soon got around. （副词）
He is sitting /on a chair. （介词）
Go on! Come on!
Turn the lights on.
（副词）
晚上有空来我家串门。
He ran /up the
stairs．（介词）
他跑上楼梯。
He went up/ in the lift．（介词）
他乘电梯上去了。
这些词中许多可以用来构成短语动词
The plane took off．
飞机起飞了。（离开了地面）
She put the scarf/ round her
neck.
（介词）
He came round．（副词）
他恢复知觉了。（恢复了意识）
4.
固定短语可以分为以下几类：
1）动词类： 动词加其它词构成的短语就叫做动词固定短语
1.1）不及物动词＋副词＝不及物动词
|
不及物动词＋副词 |
词义 |
例句 |
|
break out |
happen爆发 |
The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.抗日战争爆发于1937年。 |
|
come over/drop in |
Visit 来访 |
Come over anytime; we’re always in.什么时候来访都行，我们总在家里。 |
|
hurry up |
go quickly赶紧 |
We must hurry up, or we’ll be late.我们的赶快走，不然就要迟到了。 |
|
go far |
spread far走得远，持续久 |
The news went far. 这消息传得很远。 This small tin of paint does not go far.这一小罐油漆用不了多久。 |
|
pull in |
stop aside停靠 |
The train pulled in two hours late.火车晚两小时到站。 |
|
stop over |
stay for short中途停留 |
Because the car broke down, we had to stop over for the night in the nearest town.由于汽车拔锚，我们只得在最近得小城镇里留宿。 |
|
take off |
fly up起飞 |
The pilot took off smoothly.飞行员平稳地驾机起飞了。 |
|
get up |
Arise 起立，起床 |
He gets up at 6:00 in the morning every day. 他每天早上6:00起床。 |
1.2）不及物动词＋介词＝及物动词
|
词例 |
词义 |
例句 |
注解 |
|
listen to |
听 |
He is listening to a radio now.他在听收音机。 |
listen不能直接接听的对象，加to就可以了 |
|
look for |
寻找 |
She is looking for her pencil now.她在寻找她的铅笔。 |
look是看的意思，加了for就是新的词义“寻找” |
|
look after |
照看 |
My mother looks after my baby.我母亲照看孩子 |
look 后面的介词不同，词义就不同，但与look有关， |
|
hear from |
收到来信（等） |
Mother hasn’t hear from you for quite some time.母亲好久没有接到你的来信了。 |
hear from 成了固定的词义，表示受到来信，信函等 |
|
hear of |
听到，得知 |
I’ve never heard of the place.我从未听说过那个地方。 |
hear of是听别人谈到过的意思 |
|
read of |
读到 |
I have read of Lu Xun. 我读过关于鲁迅的书籍。 |
read of不是直接读鲁迅，而是读到过关于鲁迅的资料或书籍 |
|
laugh at |
嘲笑 |
They laughed at the young man.他们嘲笑过那位年轻人。 |
laugh at 可以带宾语，而且表示嘲笑，嘲弄的意思 |
|
run after |
追赶，追求 |
Some boy spend a lot of time and money running after girls.一些男孩子花去很多的时间和金钱去追求女孩子。 |
run后加after，主要是追赶某人或某种时尚：run当及物动词用，通常是管理或经营的含义 |
|
stand for |
代表，象征 |
What does “PTO” stand for? “PTO”代表什么？ |
stand for 一起使用，就相当于一个新词，表示：代表，象征的含义 |
1.3）不及物动词＋副词＋介词(三个词在一起构成当作一个词来使用)
|
动＋副＋介 |
相当于 |
例句 |
|
cut down on |
Reduce削减 |
We must all cut down on spending. 我们必须削减消费。 |
|
do away with |
Abolish取消 |
They have done away with the old laws.他们已经取消了这些就法律。 |
|
get out of |
leave离开 |
He got out of the car and shook hands with me.他下车和我握手了。 |
|
get through with |
Finish完成 |
She finally got through with the subject.她终于完成了这个题目。 |
|
go along with |
agree同意 |
I can’t go along with you in this matter. 在这件事上我不能同意你。 |
|
look forward to |
Expect期待 |
He is looking forward to seeing his new friend.他期盼着见到他的新朋友。 |
|
put up with |
tolerate容忍 |
He puts up with almost anything. 他几乎容忍一切。 |
|
walk out on |
Abandon放弃 |
He walked out on the subject. 他放弃了这个计划。 |
1.4）及物动词+副词
|
及物动词+副词 |
相当于 |
例句 |
|
bring up |
educate 教育，培养 |
They have brought |
|
call up |
summon征召，打电话 |
He was called up in 1971.他在1971年被征召入伍。 Call me up tomorrow morning. 明早给我打电话。 |
|
find out |
discover发现，理解 |
Think over. You must find it out for yourself. 想想吧，你必须自己理解它。 |
|
put off |
postpone延期 |
The meeting has been put off.会议延期了。 |
|
make out |
understand理解 |
It’s not easy to make out his ideas.弄懂他的种种想法不是容易的。 |
|
take in |
Deceive欺骗 |
You can’t take me in like that.你不能那样欺骗我。 |
|
turn up |
Appear出现 |
She really turned up the charm on the stage.她在台上表现得真迷人。 |
|
back up |
Support支持 |
They back up the school a lot.他们给学校支持很大。 |
|
give up |
quit放弃 |
He has given up smoking.他已戒烟。 |
|
make down |
change sth. smaller |
The clothes are made down for her sisters. |
|
宾语在句中的位置 |
|
|
1.5）及物动词＋名词＋介词（带介词宾语）
|
词例 |
词义 |
例句 |
|
catch（lay, get, take, seize） hold of |
抓住，占有 |
The boy took hold of the ladder and began to climb. 那孩子抓住梯子开始往上爬。 I’ll explain, and you will soon get hold of the idea. 我要解释一下，你很快就会懂得这个意思的。 |
|
do a favor to/do sb. a favor |
给别人帮忙，给别人恩惠 |
Will you do me a favor to lend that book to me? 你能不能帮个忙把那本书借给我？ Can you do a favor to me? 劳驾，可以帮我一下吗？ |
|
have confidence in |
信人 |
I have perfect confidence in them. 我完全信任他们。 |
|
have an edge on |
占优势，胜过 |
I can’t beat you at tennis, but I have an edge on you in ping-pong.打网球我无法赢你，但是打乒乓球我比你强。 |
|
lay emphasis on |
强调，着重 |
Some schools lay special emphasis on language study. 有些学校特别重视语言的学习。 |
|
make a fool of |
愚弄，欺骗 |
Enough！，Don’t make a fool of me!够了！不要捉弄我了。 |
|
make use of |
利用，使用 |
You must make good use of any opportunities you have of practicing English. 你必须利用好你所有的练习英语的机会。 |
|
pay attention to |
注意 |
Pay attention to it. 请注意 |
|
take part in |
参加，参与 |
I have a meeting to take part in this afternoon. 今天下午我要参加一个会议。会议 |
|
take account of |
考虑，重视 |
Have you taken account of possible shift in demand? 需求有可能变化，你考虑到了吗？ |
5. 学习和考试注意事项
【重点学习内容】
主要学会：
1.
Wait for sb.就是典型的例子：
常有人说 I will wait you here. 还不知道错了。应该说成 I will wait for you here.因为wait 是不及物动词，不能带宾语。
类似的还有：
look at
2.
He is looking at me.
She is looking after her sister.
We waited for him for a long time.
I heard of him before.
3.
|
look at |
look about |
look ahead |
look around |
|
look as if |
look away |
look back |
look down upon |
|
look for |
look forward to |
look in |
look down |
|
look into |
look like |
look on /look upon |
look up to |
|
look on with |
look out |
look out ofr |
look over |
|
look round |
look through |
look to |
look to be |
4.
1）
2）
He is always looking for his shoes. (不能分开)
He always forgets to turn the lights off. He always forgets to turn off the lights.
He always forgets to turn them off. （这个句子中的them指的是等，不能放在off的后面，因为它是代词宾格）
【考试项目】
1)
这是最难的，任何人只要是学英语的，都认为这是最难的，即使是把英语用作母语的人们也认为这是最难的。解决的方法就是：多读，多背，多分析，多理解。
例如：
|
Take after 像，模仿 |
Take away拿走，减去 |
Take back回收，取消 |
Take down取下，记录 |
|
Take from减少，缩小 |
Take in吸收，欺骗 |
Take off起飞，免除 |
Take out取出，摘录 |
|
Take over接收，接任 |
Take to喜爱，从事 |
Take up开始，占用 |
Take…for..把…当着… |
2)
主要是会判断小品词是介词还是副词，代词宾格是否可以放在动词和小品词之间。任何考试都会有这一项，即使博士生考试，也会考到这一项。这是一项既考语法也考习惯用法的题目。实际上还是检查单词量，如果我们把它当着一个单词记住了，什么考试都不怕。
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