非谓语动词做定语

1.     主动的用现在分词，括号内是修饰the picture的
the picture （hanging on the wall） is painted by my brother.
2.被动的用过去分词，括号内是修饰the picture的
the picture （painted by my brother） is hanging on the wall.

2.     The man working there is my father.(doing作定语）
The girl called Lily is my friend.(done作定语）
Everything to be done is well-prepared.(to be done 作定语表示将来发生）

3. A:The child standing over there is my brother 这个正确 standing over there 是现在分词短语作定语， 表主动，进行。 等于： The child 【who is】standing over there is my brother． B句用不定式作定语是表将来的，不定式表示动作还未发生,因此不能用The child to stand over there . A:The child standing over there is my brother．
B:The child to stand over there is my brother．
站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。  

4. 以：The concert __in Shanghai is being prepared。（hold）为例
先看修饰的词是哪个 此句当然是concert
然后判断主被动 演唱会当然是被举办 因此是被动
再看时态 正在准备 说明还没开 这里填to be held 当然 若后文是was perfect说明已经开过 填held 时态要看具体语境
基本是：       主动          被动            时态
被修饰的词+      to do                to be done            将来

                         doing                being done           现进

                           /                     done                    过去、过完、现完
这里要注意哦 过去、过完、现完主动没有非谓语动词作定语 被动只有done 没有having been done 这点与作状语不同 一定要注意！
被动以concert句为例 主动：The boy won/having won the game is my classmate.这句话是错误的！只有:The boy who won the game is my classmate.也就是说 只能用定语从句
还有一点 非谓语若只有一个单词要提前 很难理解是吧 举个例子

The book bought by me yesterday is worth reading.省了定从中的which was
但是The published book is worth reading.看出有什么不同了吗？非谓语提前了！
这是一个用语习惯 我还在高中就读 不能列得怎么详细 希望能帮到你

5. 就是句子后跟一个从句,用来修饰前面的名词,中间的连接词就是先行词 非谓语动词就是动词不做谓语,就是动词不定式,动名词和动词的过去分词评

6. ★不定式、分词作定语用法要点

一、不定式作定语

1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

Here is some paper for you to write on.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）

Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？

（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）

3．用不定式作定语的几种情况：

不定式表将来：

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

二、分词作定语

1．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：

The houses being built are for the teachers.  Built此时为及物动词

The broken glass is Tom’s.

I have never seen a more moving movie.

2．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：

the picture （hanging on the wall） is painted by my brother.
hanging此时为不及物动词

falling leaves 正落的叶子           fallen leaves 落下的叶子

boiling water 正沸腾的水           boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）

三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别

这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：

Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?

He is a man loved and respected by all.

Don’t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.

现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。

如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

★不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点

一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help

此外，afford, strive（斗争） 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：

① She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.

二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。

consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk

此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。

① The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught.

② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。

1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事        forget doing sth.   忘记已经做过某事

remember to do sth. 记住去做某事         remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事

regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事      regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事

stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事       stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情

try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事           try doing sth. 尝试着做某事

mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事       mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)

can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事      can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事

2．动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

I’d like to go swimming this weekend.

3．在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：

allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.

allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.

如：We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

4．动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：

need / require / want doing / to be done

need / require / want sb. to do sth.

be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)       

be worth doing                    be worthy of being done      

be worthy of + n. 值得……        be worthy to be done

如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.

The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.

窗户需要擦一下。

The place is worth visiting.

The place is worthy of a visit.

The place is worthy of being visited.

The place is worthy to be visited.

那个地方值得一去。

如：① only one of these books is worth reading.

② — What do you think of the book ?

— Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a second time.

四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时，前面常带wh – 引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。

注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。例如：

He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)

I don’t know what to do. ( = I don’t know what I’ll do.)

Can you tell me why do it ?

五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：

We could do nothing but / other than wait.

We had nothing to do but / other than wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

I can’t choose but laugh.

★不定式、分词作状语用法要点

一、不定式作状语

He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)

They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）

He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。（表示结果）

My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果）

在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：

I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。

I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。

在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：

He was too excited not to say a few words.

他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。

He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。

She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。

注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。

He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。

To look at him, you would like him. (表条件)

To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修饰全句，独立成分)

二、分词作状语       

1．分词作状语的基本原则

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。

分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。

2．分词作状语的句法功能

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：

Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)

Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)

Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)

Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)

The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)

The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)

3．独立成分作状语

有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

Generally speaking … 一般说来       Frankly speaking … 坦白地说

Judging from … 根据……来判断     Considering … 考虑到……

To tell you the truth … 说实话

★非谓语动词其它用法

一、疑问词 + 不定式结构

疑问词（who, which, when, where, how, what等）+ 不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：

I didn’t know what to do. (宾语)

When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主语)

My question was how to get so many books. (表语)

注意句型：Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?

二、不定式的主动和被动

1．不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：

Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)

2．不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：

She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)

I know what to do. (I do what.)

3．不定式作表语形容词的关语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如：

This book is difficult to understand.

This kind of fish is nice to eat.

4．在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：

There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )

There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )

请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：

There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)

There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)

三、不定式符号to 的保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。

如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。如：

I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

— Are you on holiday ?

— No, but I’d like to be.

— I didn’t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那个消息。

— Oh, you ought to have. 噢，你本应该告诉他的

四、动名词作主语

动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。

It is / was no use / good + doing sth.

It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.

It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.

It is / was useless

如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

It is of little good staying up too late every day.

每天都熬夜没有什么好处

若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

眼见为实。

五、注意以下表达的意义区别

falling leaves 正在下落的树叶           fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶

boiling water 沸腾的水                 boiled water 烧开过的水

developing countries 发展中国家         developed countries 发达国家

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.

The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. )

看到蛇，女孩尖叫起来。

His frightening shout scared the boys again.

The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。

类似的还有：

an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音       an excited voice 兴奋的声音

a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情     a puzzled look 困惑的表情

分词用法详析
    分词也是一种限定动词，分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征，又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化，又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用，作表语也十分普遍。

    一、分词的形式
    语态
    时态
    主动语态
    被动语态
    一般式
    完成式
    其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。
    二、分词的作用
    分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
    1、作定语
    分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。

    （1）前置定语
    He is a promising young man.  他是一个有前途的年轻人。

    Make le  noise. There’s a sleeping child.  不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。

    We only sell used books.  我们只卖用过的书。
    （2）后置定语
    The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus new aper.  坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。

    The bridge built last month needs repairing.  上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。

    （3）过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如：
    All the broken windows have been repaired.  所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。

    All the windows broken have been repaired.
    （4）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：

    Those wishing to join this club should sign here.  想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。  (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)

    The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.  由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。  (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)

    （4）完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：

    我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate.

    而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.

    （5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：

    Anyone having pa ed the test has got a prize.  任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。

    Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London.  在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。

    （6）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：

    the question discu ed yesterday  昨天讨论的问题  （既表示被动也表示完成）

    the fallen leaves  落下的树叶  (只表示完成，不表示被动)

    在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词，常见的有：

    the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。
    2、作表语
    分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：
    The sho  have remained shut for a week.  这家商店关门一周了。

    What you said is really i iring.  你所说的真令从鼓舞。

    3、作宾语补足语
    I oftentimes hear a girl singing dow tairs.  我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。

    I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers.  我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。

    用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇－句子的类型》部分。

    4、作状语
    分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：

    （1）表示时间
    Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.  到了巴黎，我迷了路。

    The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog.  猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。

    表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：

    Don’t talk while having di er.  吃饭时不要说话。
    When cro ing the street, do be careful.  过马路时要小心。

    （2）表示原因
    表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
    Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well.  在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。

    Seriously injured, he had to be taken to ho ital.  由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。

    （3）表示结果
    The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.  大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。

    Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular  ort.  80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。

    （4）表示方式
    I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.  我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。

    （5）表示条件
    United, we stand; divided, we fall.  联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。

    Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.  如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。

    强调条件时，可以在前面加上unle , once等。如：
    You shouldn’t come in unle  asked to.  不让你进来你不准进来。

    Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it.  一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。

    二、分词的独立主格结构
    分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。

    1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：

    Su er finished (=After su er was finished), we started to discu  the picnic.  吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。

    All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show.  所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。

    2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：
    The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet.  足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。

    Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall.  里面没有人，我没进大厅。

    3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：

    He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).  他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。

    The river looks more beautiful, flowers and gra  growing on both sides(=with flowers and gra  growing on both sides).  这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。

    with＋宾语＋宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：

    The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.  孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。

    I would mi  the train, with no one to wake me up.  没人叫我，我会错过火车的。

    The river with gra  and flowers on both sides ru  through our schoolyard.  这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。

    With the examinatio  over, we had a long time to rest.  考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。

    4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：

    generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly  eaking, judging from/by, co idering, su osing, providing, provided等。如：

    Talking of the computer, I like it very much.  谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。

    Co idering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.  考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。