第11章 动词时态及语态
在动词运用中,动词的时态和被动语态是重头戏,各项英语测试均对此“情有独钟”。
【考查内容】时态的判断和运用;时态的前后照应。
【备考对策】了解动词时态的意义和标志,掌握动词时态和语态判断的基本技巧,理解在不同语境中时态的变化,熟练运用初中阶段的八种时态和三种基本被动语态的结构和变化规则。
真题解析:
1. Tom always lies. (09通州模拟)
A.is B. /; tells C. /; told D. has; told
【解析】考查进行时。进行时可以和always连用,表示厌烦或赞赏的语气,答案为A。
2. afternoon, we, football, will, tomorrow, play
【解析】考查一般将来时。根据其中的tomorrow可判断这个句子要用一般将来时,故答案为We will play football tomorrow afternoon.
[考点链接] 一般将来时的构成be going to+V原形,be about to do sth.等。
3. The man has known a lot of Chinese since he (come) to China three years ago.
(09甘肃会考)
【解析】考查一般过去时。根据从句的ago这一一般过去时的标志词,可判断答案为一般过去式came.
4. It is forty years since he left home. (改为同义句)
Forty years since he left home. (09河北毕业考试)
【解析】考查since用法。since引导一般过去时的时间状语从句,主句一般用现在完成时或It 时间段,故答案为has passed.
5. He away from home for forty years. (09甘肃会考)
【解析】考查完成时中的延续动词和瞬间动词。根据后面的for forty years这个时间段,可判断句中的完成时要用延续性完成时,动词要用leave的延续动词be away.故答案为has been
. [考点链接] 记住10个常用的瞬间动词常要变为延续动词:开始离去借来还,出生入死买到家。即:begin(be on); leave(be away),go(be off),borrow(keep),come(be here),return(be back);join(be in),die(be dead); buy(have);arrive(be here).
6. Mike broke the window yesterday. (改为被动语态)
The window by Mike yesterday. (08 青海)
【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。一般过去时的被动时的被动语态的构成是was/were+V过去分词,故答案为was broken.
7. All my friends like shopping in that supermaket. I wonder how long it
A. has opened B. has been open
C. has been opened D. opened (09河北会考)
【解析】考查现在完成的被动语态。根据句子中的how long, 可判断要用完成时,而open是主语it的动作承受者,故要用被动语态。答案为C。
8. 到上学期末为止,我们已经学了2000多个英语单词了。
We 2000 English words by the end of last term. (09江苏盐城模拟)
【解析】考查过去完成时。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,by the end of last term意思是“直到上学期期末为止”,故答案为has learned.
语法脉络
时态 一般现在时
意义 经常性、习惯性的动作,存在的状态,或客观真理
标志词语 often, always, usually, sometimes,once a week, every day
构成公式 主语+V原形(主语是第三人称单数时,V加s或es)
被动语态 主语+is/am/are+V过去分词
时态 现在进行时
意义 现在正在发生的动作
标志词语 now, Look!, Listen!,at this moment
构成公式 主语+am/is/are+V-ing
被动语态 主语+am/is/are+being+V过去分词
时态 现在完成时
意义 过去的动作对现在有影响或过去的动作一直持续到现在
标志词语 already, yet, since, so far
构成公式 主语+have/has +V过去分词
被动语态 主语+have/has + been+V过去分词
时态 一般过去时
意义 过去发生的动作
标志词语 yesterday, last week,...ago, in 1998, just now
构成公式 主语+ V过去式
被动语态 主语+ was/were+V过去分词
时态 过去进行时
意义 过去时间内正在发生的动作或存在的状态
标志词语 at this time yesterday, just then, at 6:00 last Sunday, when+一般过去时
构成公式 主语+was/were+V-ing
被动语态 主语+was/were+being+V过去分词
时态 过去完成时
意义 过去已完成的动作
标志词语 by the end of+过去的时间,by the time+一般过去时
构成公式 主语+had +V过去分词
被动语态 主语+had + been+V过去分词
时态 一般将来时
意义 将要发生的动作或将来的状态
标志词语 tomorrow, next week, in the future, in two days, in 2100
构成公式 主语+am/is/are going to +V原形,或主语+will+V原形
被动语态 主语+will be+V过去分词
时态 过去将来时
意义 过去时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态
标志词语 常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句
构成公式 主语+was/were+going to+V原形,或主语+would+V原形
被动语态 主语+would + be+V过去分词
时态 现在完成进行时
意义 过去的动作一直延续到现在
标志词语 “since+时间点/从句/时间点ago”或“for+时间段”
构成公式 主语+have/has+been+V-ing
被动语态 无
时态 情态动词
构成公式 can/may/must等+V原形
被动语态 can/may/must等+be+V过去分词
考点精讲 据近3年各地中考真题统计得出的必考要点
考点1 一般现在时有哪些特殊用法?
1. 表示此时此刻正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
What’ s the time now? 现在几点了?(人教版初一教材)
Now, look, I open the window. 你瞧,我现在在开窗。
2. 在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中(主句为一般将来时)。
I’ll call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing tomorrow. 明天一到北京,我就给你打电话。
3. 在主句为过去时态的复合句中,如果宾语从句陈述的是客观真理,从句用一般现在时。
The teacher said Maria is a girl. 老师说玛丽亚是个女孩。
4. 表示书、信、报纸、通知、广播、告示牌等的内容用一般现在时。
It says, “Closed”. 上面写着,“停止营业”。(人教版初二教材)
考点2 如何使用used to?
used to 后加动词原形表示“过去常常”,其疑问句和否定句可直接使用used,也可借助于did.
I used to be afraid of dark.. 我过去常怕黑。(人教版新目标八年级教材)
He usedn’t to ride to school. 他过去不常骑车去上学。
He used to smoke,didn’t he? 他过去常抽烟,是吗?
一点一练 (按要求变化下面的句型)
1. They used to walk in the evening. (变为否定句)
They in the evening.
2. She used to be a farmer. (变为一般疑问句并作否定回答)
?No,
Keys: 1. usedn’t to walk 2. Did she use to be a farmer? she didn’t/Used she to be a farmer? she usedn’t
注意:be used to doing 意为“习惯做某事”,be used to do意为“被用来......”,不要混淆。
考点3 一般将来时有哪些形式?
(1)“be going to+动词原形”表示计划或打算在最近要做的事。
I’m going to take you to the park..我打算带你去公园。(冀教版初二教材)
(2)“will/shall+动词原形”是单纯的将来时,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
He will come back next week. 他下周回来。
(3)“be+动词不定式”结构,表示按计划要发生的事,或用来征求对方意见。
We are to meet outside the park. 我们约定在公园外见面。
Am I to go on with the work?这工作我是不是接着干下去?
(4)“be about+动词不定式”结构,表示即将做某事,一般不用时间状语。
It is about to rain. 天要下雨了。
(5)现在进行时可用于表示马上要发生的动作,多用于瞬间动词(start, begin, die等)。
I’m leaving for Shanghai. 我要去上海了。
考点4 always, forever能用于进行时吗?
always, forever等副词用于进行时,常表示赞美、厌烦等思想感情。
He was always trying out new ideas. 他总是产生稀奇古怪的想法。(人教版初三教材)
考点5 哪些动词没有进行时?
表示感觉、情感、状态、看法、意愿的动词一般没有进行时,这类动词有:hear, see, smell, look(看起来),seem, think(认为),like, want, hope, belong, cost, weigh, prefer, remain, have(有),own(拥有),believe等。
They want to sing an English song now. 他们现在想唱首英语歌。
考点6 have been to, have been in和 have gone to 有何区别?
have been in表示“在某地......”;have been to表示 “去过”某地,常与ever, never, ...before,once,twice等连用;have gone to表示“去了”某地,人可能在途中或已到达那里。
———Have you ever been to Beijing? 你去过北京吗?
———Yes, I’ve been there twice. 是的,我去过那里两次。
Mr. Green has been in this city for ten years. 格林先生在这个城市已经住了十年了。
My parents have gone to the park. 我父母去公园了。
考点7 现在完成时和一般过去时有什么区别?
二者表示的动作都在过去发生。现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响和结果,不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,与现在没有关系。试区别:
———Have you done your homework? 你做作业了吗?———Yes, I have. 做了。
———When did you do it? 什么时候做的?———Last night. 昨天晚上。
考点8 现在完成时的句子,谓语何时用瞬间动词,何时用延续动词?
若表示持续性的动作,常与表示一段时间的状语如these days, in the past few years, during the last three months, for two years, so far, up to now, till now,recently等连用。
The old man has been away from home for twenty years. 那老人离开家已十年了。
注意:瞬间动词不能与持续性的完成时连用,必须改为延续动词,记住下面的瞬间动词与延续动词的换用:
1. 动词变动词:buy→have, borrow→keep
2. 变为“be+adj./adv.”:begin→be on, close/open→be closed/open, die→be dead, finish→be over get up→be up, marry→be married, go→be off,come→ be here, return→be back,arrive→be here
3. 变为“be+介词短语”:come/go→be in/at, join→be in(或“be+成员”),put on→wear(或be in)
I came to this school ten years ago.=I have been in this school for ten years.=Ten years has passed since I came to this school.=It is ten years since I came to this school.
一点一练 将下面的句子改为同义句
1.I have had a letter from my aunt for two days.
I my aunt two days ago.
2. My brother became a soldier in 2005.
My brother in the army for three years.
Key: 1. heard from 2. has been
考点9 如何将主动语态变为被动语态?
主动句变为被动句的方法是:一看动词,二换主语,三变谓语。
(1) 主动句有双宾语,可将其中一个宾语变为主语,但若将直接宾语用作主语,后面要使用to或for 引出间接宾语。
He gave me a book yesterday. I was given a book yesterday./A book was given to me yesterday.
(2) 动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,变化时不能丢掉介词或副词。
You should speak to me politely. I should be spoken to politely. (to不可少)
(3)主动句的主语若是地点名词,变化时不要忘记加介词。
Shandong produces salt. Salt is produced in Shandaong.
(4) 带宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时,宾补在原位置不动。
I saw a man playing basketball there. A man was seen playing basketball there.
(5) 在主动句中某些动词后的不定式可省略to,但在被动句中to要补出。
Our parents make us study hard . We are made to study hard.
考点10 哪些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义?
(1) 系动词,如look, feel, taste,smell等。
The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。
(2) sell, feel, write, drive, open等词作不及物动词,其主语为物时。
This kind of clothes sells well. 这种衣服卖的很好。
(3) 在be worth doing sth.中的doing.
The basketball match is well worth watching.这场篮球赛很值得看。
(4) 在need,want, require等表示“需要”的动词后接V-ing形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done.
My kite wants mending. 我的风筝需修理。(《牛津英汉词典》)
考点11 被动语态有哪些习惯用法?
It is said that...据说...... It is well known that...众所周知...
It is reported that...据报道... It is believed that...大家相信...
It is said that it will rain tomorrow. 据说明天要下雨。
考点12 如何判断时态?
遇到时态判断题可按以下步骤判断:
一找标志(词),二想公式,三写变化。
首先找出时态标志词,如:He (not talk)now. 其标志词是now.
再根据标志词确定用哪些时态,想想其公式。如now是现在进行时的标志,公式是am/is/are+V-ing.
注意:看句式是疑问句还是否定句,写出变化形式。如上题是否定句,故填isn’t talking.
考点专练
考点1 专练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Three plus two (be) five.
2. Light (travel) faster than sound.
3. There (go) the bell!
4. Here she (come)!
5. Tell him about that when he
6. If you (ask ) her tomorrow, she will help you.
7. My father told me that the earth (go) around the sun.
8. The notice (say) “No Smoking!”
考点2 专练 按要求变化下面的句型
1. I used to walk after dinner.(改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答)
2. She used to play near the river. (改为否定句)
3. The children didn’t use to come here early, ?(补全反义疑问句)
4. Most people used to be late, ?
5. Li Ying used to play with her dog. (就画线部分提问)
?
考点3 专练 用将来时回答所提问题,不能简略回答
1. Have you finished your homework?
Not yet. I ( this afternoon ).
2. Where are you going this Sunday?
(the zoo).
3. When will your father come back from London?
(next week).
4. When are they to hand in their plan?
(tomorrow morning).
5. What time is the film about to begin?
(6:15)
6. Tom, I need your help.
(come).
7. What are the family doing right now?
(leave for England).
8. What will the weather be like tomorrow?
(sunny).
考点4 专练 将下面的英语句子译为汉语,体会其感情色彩
1. He is always thinking of his work.
2. She is always borrowing my money.
3. The little boy was forever making the same mistake.
4. She was always changing her mind.
5. The girl is always smiling happily.
考点5 专练 改正下面每人句子中的错误
1. I’m hearing a strange noise now.
2. Now you are looking beautiful.
3. The clothes were costing me too much at that time.
4. Look! The boy is having two knives.
考点6 专练 用have(has) gone to, have(has) been to, have(has) been in 填空
1. Tim out. He’ ll be back in an hour.
2. Jim this city for two years.
3. you ever Jinan? It has some famous springs.
4. The boy never Beijing. He is always looking forword to seeing the Summer Palace.
5. —How long your sisiter the factory? —About three years.
6. I have some Australian friends because I there several times.
7. — he Germany before? —Maybe not.
8. —Why can’t we see Mr. Cook? —He’s on holiday. He China for a visit.
考点7专练 根据所给的动词短语,分别用一般过去时和现在完成时造句
1. go to the beach
2. play basketball with friends
3. not hear of that
考点8专练
A) 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. I (buy)this bicycle for five years.
2. You can (borrow) it for two days.
3. The film (begin) for five minutes.
4. How long you (go) this school?
5. My brother (join) the army since1999.
6. I (put on ) the shoes since three years ago.
7. We (not take part in) it for three years ago.
8. The old man (die) since 2000.
B)将下面的句子变为同义句
9. We came to this school three years ago.
We this school three years.
10. My homework was finished last night.
My homework since last night.
11. They got married two years ago.
It since they got married.
12. I have been up for two hours.
Two hours I got up.
考点9专练 将下面句子的主动语态变为被动语态,被动语态变为主动语态
1.The students clean the room every day.
2.She gave me twenty yuan last week.
3.A present was bought for me by my sister.
4.The girl has taken care of the blind men for five years.
5.Mary must keep her room clean.
6.The children were being looked after by Ann.
7.Huangzhou produces silk.
9. You can’t see the stars in the daytime.