Charles Muller  译注：

1.      学而

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-1）子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”

（1:1） Confucius said: "Isn't it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned? Isn't it also great when friends visit from distant places? If people do not recognize me and it doesn't bother me, am I not a Superior Man?"

（Comment）

Superior Man is a common English translation for the Chinese term chun-tzu which originally means "Son of a Prince" —thus, someone from the nobility. In the Analects, Confucius imbues the term with a special meaning. Though sometimes used strictly in its original sense, it also refers to a person who has made significant progress in the Way (Tao) of self-cultivation, by practicing Rightness (or Justice), by loving treatment of parents, respect for elders, honesty with friends, etc. Though the chun-tzu is clearly a highly advanced human being, he is still distinguished from the category of sage (sheng-jen), who is, in the Analects more of a "divine being," usually a model from great antiquity.

The character of the Superior Man, in contrast to the sage, is being taught as a tangible model for all in the here and now. And although many descriptions of the requirements for chun-tzu status seem quite out of our reach, there are many passages where Confucius labels a contemporary, or one of his disciples a "Superior Man," intending a complement. Thus, the categorization is not so rigid. One might want to compare the term "Superior Man" to the Buddhist bodhisattva, in that both are the models for the tradition, both indicate a very high stage of human development as technical terms, yet both may be used colloquially to refer to a "really good person."

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-2）有子曰：“其为人也孝弟, 而好犯上者, 鲜矣; 不好犯上, 而好作乱者, 未之有也。君子务本, 本立而道生。孝弟也者, 其为仁之本与！”

（1:2） Yu Tzu said: "There are few who have developed themselves filially and fraternally who enjoy offending their superiors. Those who do not enjoy offending superiors are never troublemakers. The Superior Man concerns himself with the fundamentals. Once the fundamentals are established, the proper way (tao) appears. Are not filial piety and obedience to elders fundamental to the enactment of humaneness?"

（Comment）

The word "humanity" in the above line is a translation of the Chinese term jen (仁), which has also been translated into English as "benevolence," "goodness," "Perfect Goodness," etc. It is a difficult concept to translate because it doesn't really refer to any specific type of virtue or positive endowment, but refers to an inner capacity possessed by all human beings to do good, as human beings should. It is what makes humans human, and not animals.

In the Chinese "essence-function" perception, humaneness can be understood as the essence of all kinds of manifestations of virtuosity: wisdom, filial piety, reverence, courtesy, love, sincerity, etc., all of which are aspects, or functions of humaneness. Through one's efforts at practicing at the function of humaneness, one may enhance and develop one's humaneness, until one may be called a Superior Man, or even better, a "humane person." In the Analects, to be called a "humane person" by the Master is an extremely high evaluation, rarely acknowledged of any human being.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-3） 子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁！”

（1:3） Confucius said: "Someone who is a clever speaker and maintains a 'too-smiley' face is seldom considered a humane person."

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-4） 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身:为人谋而不忠乎？于朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”

（1:4） Tseng Tzu said: "Each day I examine myself in three ways: in doing things for others, have I been disloyal? In my interactions with friends, have I been untrustworthy? Have not practiced what I have preached?"

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-5）子曰：”道千乘之国, 敬事而信, 节用而爱人, 使民以时。”

（1:5） Confucius said: "If you would govern a state of a thousand chariots (a small-to-middle-size state), you must pay strict attention to business, be true to your word, be economical in expenditure and love the people. You should use them according to the seasons."

（Comment）

"Usage of the people according to the seasons" is extremely important in an agriculture-based society, where planting, cultivating, or harvesting a certain crop during a certain few-day period can be critical. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China, selfish and aggressive warlords frequently pulled farmers off their land at important farming times, to use them for public works projects, or have them fight in the ruler's personal wars.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-6）子曰：“弟子，入则孝，出则悌，谨而信，泛爱众而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。”

（1:6） Confucius said: "A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but become intimate with humaneness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts."

（Comment）

In the above-mentioned essence-function view, the development of one's proper relationship with one's parents and others around her/him is fundamental in life. Only after these things are taken care of is it proper to go off and play at whatever one likes— even if this "play" involves the serious study of some art form.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-7）子夏曰：”贤贤易色; 事父母, 能竭其力; 事君, 能致其身; 与朋友交, 言而有信。虽曰未学, 吾必谓之学矣。”

（1:7） Tzu Hsia said: "If you can treat the worthy as worthy without strain, exert your utmost in serving your parents, devote your whole self in serving your prince, and be honest in speech when dealing with your friends. Then even if someone says you are not learned (hsueh), I would say that you are definitely learned."

（Comment）

In the Confucian tradition, learning (hsueh) is more than intellectual, academic study, or the accumulation of facts (although this aspect is included). It is the process of manifesting one's humaneness by developing-oneself in self-reflection through the various types of human relationships.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-8）子曰：”君子不重, 则不威; 学则不固。主忠信。无友不如己者。过, 则勿惮改。”

（1:8） Confucius said: "If the Superior Man is not 'heavy,' then he will not inspire awe in others. If he is not learned, then he will not be on firm ground. He takes loyalty and good faith to be of primary importance, and has no friends who are not of equal (moral) caliber. When he makes a mistake, he doesn't hesitate to correct it."

（Comment）

The Superior Man still makes mistakes. The difference between him and other people is that he rectifies his errors as soon as he becomes aware of them.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-9）曾子曰：”慎终, 追远, 民德归厚矣。”

（1:9） Tseng Tzu said: "When they are careful (about their parents) to the end and continue in reverence after (their parents) are long gone, the virtue of the people will return to its natural depth."

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-10）子禽问于子贡曰：夫子至于是邦也，必闻其政，求之与，抑与之与？”子贡曰：“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也，其诸异乎人之求之与？”

（1:10） Tzu Ch'in asked Tzu Kung: "When our teacher (Confucius) arrives in any country, he invariably finds out everything about its government. Does he seek this information? Or is it given to him?" Tzu Kung said, "Our teacher gets it by being cordial, upright, courteous, temperate and complaisant. His way of getting information is quite different from that of other men."

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-11）子曰：”父在, 观其志; 父没, 观其行; 三年无改于父之道, 可谓孝矣。”

（1:11） Confucius said: "When your father is alive, observe his will. When your father is dead observe his former actions. If, for three years you do not change from the ways of your father, you can be called a 'real son (hsiao).' "

（Comment）

In terms of the development of the character of the human being, the most fundamental practice is that of "filial piety," the English translation of the Chinese hsiao, which means to love, respect and take care of one's parents. Confucius believed that if people cultivated this innate tendency well, all other natural forms of human goodness would be positively affected by it.

（Chinese Source Text）

（1-12）有子曰：”礼之用, 和为贵。先王之道, 斯为美; 小大由之。有所不行, 知和而和, 不以礼节之, 亦不可行也。”

（1:12） Yu Tzu said: "In the actual practice of propriety, flexibility is important. This is what the ancient kings did so well— both the greater and the lesser used flexibility. Yet you should be aware: If you understand flexibility and use it, but don't structure yourself with propriety, things won't go well."

（Comment）

Propriety is the English rendition of the Chinese li. This is a word that also has a wide spectrum of meaning in Classical Chinese thought, and is difficult to translate by a single word. Its most basic meaning is that of "ritual" or "ceremony," referring to all sorts of rituals that permeated early East Asian society. The most significant of course, would be wedding ceremonies and funerals. But there were also various agricultural rituals, coming-of-age rituals, coronations, etc. Confucius was an expert on the proper handling of all sorts of rituals.

The term li however, has, in the Analects, a much broader meaning than ritual, since it can also refer to the many smaller "ritualized" behavior patterns involved in day-to-day human interactions. This would include proper speech and body language according to status, age, sex— thus, "manners." In this sense, li means any action proper, or appropriate to the situation. For instance, in the modern context, I