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名词----名词概说(1)

(2009-02-02 14:50:00)
标签:

杂谈

分类: 英语世界

概说    

 

首先要了解一下名词的属性。名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns)。专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如BeijingChina等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:booksadness等。普通名词又分为下面四类:1)个体名词(Individual Nouns)(也称类名词):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。因此名词就有了可数和不可数之分。

一般来说个体名词和集体名词为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。从形式上又分为单数形(如book)、复数形(如books)和单复数同形(如sheep)。

不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词,如informationpovertyadviceangerapplausebaggagecakechalkchocolatecloth(布), breaddamage(损害), equipmentfruitfurnituregoldinkjewelryluggagemail(邮件), moneynewspaperprotectionsoapsugarweaponrymachineryscenerypersonnelwork

判定单、复数以及如何正确使用复数形(式)就成了中国人掌握英语相当难的一件事情。

 

. 个体名词

概说

 

个体名词是普通名词的一种,表示一般的人或物的个体,有单复数形式,可以和不定冠词an)连用,如a boy(男孩),a chair(椅子),an umbrella(雨伞);也可以和基数词搭配表示具体的个数,如two boysthree chairsten umbrellas。因此,这类名词叫做可数名词(Countable Noun)或计数名词(Count Noun)。个体名词的主谓一致依名词的单复数而定。在这里,要注意区分规则的复数和不规则的复数,前者为单数名词+-s-es,如desks(桌子),peaches(桃子);后者则不是,如womanwomen(女人),criterioncriteria(标准),thesistheses(论文),axisaxes(轴),stimulusstimuli(刺激),等等。例如:His thesis is not well written.他的论文写得不好。The theses are much better than have been supposed.这些论文比想象的要好得多。

例句:

1)单数形式

Our school is not far from my home.

His father is a teacher.

 

The child is father of the man.三岁看老。(father, 仅单数形式,无单、无复数实义)

Spider is a shrike’s favorite food. 伯劳鸟喜食蜘蛛。(food, 仅单数形式,无单、无复数实义)

 

2)复数形式

 

Two heads are better than one.

The boy prefers to work in factories.

 

3)由复数转变为无单、无复实义的单数形式的名词

试比较:

He kept a lot of lambs.

Would you like some more lamb? =the meat of a young sheep

 

They bought a lot of crabs from market.

I’d like some crab. It’s delicious.

 

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

Do you like boiled chicken?

 

Mr. Johnson was a large man, red of face. face, 仅单数形式,无单、复数实义)

Put the baby to bed. bed, 仅单数形式,无单、复数实义)

 

During the car race, the leading car skidded and overturned. [car (race)单数形式,表复数]

The whole street cheered as he rode past. street, 单数形式,表复数)

 

 

. 集体名词

 

概论

 

集体名词表示一群人或一类东西的集合体,如audience(听众,观众),committee(委员会),(家庭),nation(国家),cattle (牛,牲口),peoplepolice(警察),foliage(叶子),furniture(家具),machinery(机器)等。集体名词有的有复数形式并可计数,如a committeetwo committees。但也有许多集体名词没有复数形式,不可以计数。例如不可以说* a furniture* two furniture,也不可以说* a police* two police。如果要把policefurniture这类的集体名词分成个体,只能说a policemantwo policemena piece of furnituretwo piecesarticles of furniturea head of cattle等。

That green foliage was restful.

New machinery was introduced in the factory.

另外,集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题依不同的集体名词而定。可分为下面三种情况:

有些集体名词,如policepeoplecattlemilitia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)等,通常作复数。例如:

The British police have only very limited powers.英国警察权力范围极其有限。

Domestic cattle provide us with milkbeef and hide.畜牛为我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮张。

The militia were called out to guard the borderland.召集民兵保卫边疆。

Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.臭虫和老鼠那样的害虫难以灭绝。

Poultries are dear in the city. (错)

Poultry are dear in the city. (对)

The board of director is shaking heads at the chairman's speech. (错)

The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairman's speech. (对)

例句:

1)单数形式

In these novels society figures largely as a jungle.

Foreign language cannot be learned in class alone.

 

I was born in a peasant family.

We won’t have a family till we’ve been married a few years.我们结婚后过几年才要孩子。

 

2)复数形式

My family are early risers.我家里的人都起得早。

The school’s teaching staff are excellent. 那个学校的教师阵容很强。

The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

 

She has two classes in charge.她负责两个班。

 

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