张智中:论汉诗英译中英语语言优势的发挥

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论汉诗英译中英语语言优势的发挥
天津师范大学外国语学院
摘要:在翻译之时,存在三种情况:一是译语处于劣势,表达方式不如原语;二是两种语言处于均势,表达方式不相上下;三是译语处于优势,表达方式胜过原语。只有转变劣势、争取均势,并充分发挥译语的优势,才能把文学翻译提高到翻译文学的高度。就汉诗英译而言,主要在于译文的审美功能,而不是其信息功能。那么,如何发挥译语的优势,便成为其中的关键。具体包括如下十项:连词连用、-er后缀、反身代词、无灵主语、创词造语、直而译之、借鉴活用、同词异译、以繁驭简、貌离神合。
关键词:汉诗英译语言优势 发挥
一、引言
在译出语和译入语之间,存在着三种情况:优势、均势、劣势。翻译离不开词汇,词汇是语言文化的基因,两种语言的词汇,有时相等,有时不相等,再加上两种文化的差异,用译语来表达原文内容时,经常存在三种情况:一是译语处于劣势,表达方式不如原语;二是两种语言处于均势,表达方式不相上下;三是由于历史或文化的原因,译语处于优势,表达方式胜过原语。因为两种文化不同,对同一个内容可以有不同的表达方式,而文化历史悠久的表达方式往往胜过历史较短的表达方式。基于这种认识,译者在翻译的过程中,就应该改变译语的劣势地位,争取均势,最好能够发挥译语的优势。这就是许渊冲先生提出的三势论或发挥译语语言优势论。(张智中2006: 68)
二、译语优势的具体发挥
“原文是诗,译文应该用诗一般的语言来翻译,以语言形似来体现出语言的意似。用诗歌语言翻译诗歌,才能再现原诗的艺术意境,才会使人产生美感,引发艺术、意境上美好的联想效应之享受。”(易明华2000: 255)那么,在汉诗英译的过程中,如何用诗一般的语言来翻译?或曰如何发挥英语语言的优势呢?根据笔者观察,大概有如下十项:连词连用、-er后缀、反身代词、无灵主语、创词造语、直而译之、借鉴活用、同词异译、以繁驭简、貌离神合。
(一)连词连用
英语两个以上的连词and连用,构成英语语言的特色之一。首先,连词连用在英语的散文当中,有着普遍的运用。例如:
It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honour and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. (William Faulkner: The Agony and the Sweat)
英文中连词and的连用,竟然多达六个,读来令人感觉酣畅淋漓。再看一汉英散文译例:
而观其或亭或台,或墙或石,或竹或树,半隐半露间,使游人不觉其触目;此非胸有丘壑者断难下手。(沈复《浮生六记》)
But the whole thing was so contrived, with a pavilion here and a terrace there, and glimpses of walls and rocks and trees and bamboo groves so cleverly designed that there was not the slightest bit of obtrusiveness to the tourist’s eye. Only a master architect of the mind could have conceived and executed this.(林语堂 译)
散文常有英语连词连用,用之于诗歌,亦感别有一番滋味。如乐府诗《琅琊王歌》及其英译:
东山看西水,水流盘石间。
公死姥更嫁,孤儿甚可怜。
Song of the King of Langya
Across the hill and dale and mountain glen,
The river waters flow o’er rock and stone.
When husband dies and wife weds again,
The orphaned child is left entirely alone.
— Tr. 汪榕培
再如王维《竹里馆》及其英译:
独坐幽篁里,弹琴复长啸。
深林人不知,明月来相照。
Amid the Bamboos
Alone I sit in the bamboo forest quiet
And play a zither and whistle loud and long.
Remote from the rest of men. Who knows my riot
Except the Moon who lights me all along!
以上英译诗,分别采用两个或三个连词and连用,译诗终至英诗的散文美和缠绵美。
(二)-er后缀
“英语中有一类名词,由动词+ -er, or后缀构成,表示动作者和行为者,经常可以使汉语的动态叙述转换成为英语的静态叙述。这些名词有:hunter, singer, skier, visitor, smoker, player, lover, drinker, talker, liar, puller, commander, teacher, ruler, sleeper, eater, learner, hater, fancier, complicator, watcher, loner, inspector 等。在翻译汉语的动态句时,可以在这些名词前加一个定语修饰词如good, great, bad等就更为生动活泼。”(周志培2003: 418)英语-er后缀类词,若用在汉诗英译中,常可以收到很好的表情达意的效果。例如刘长卿《逢雪宿芙蓉山主人》及其英译:
日暮苍山远,天寒白屋贫。
柴门闻犬吠,风雪夜归人。
英译一:
Staying in a House in Mount Lotus for the Night in Time of Snow
Distant hills look bleak in the sun declining,
A poor man’s house standing in the cold weather.
A dog at the wooden gate is heard barking,
Through night wind and snow returns the house-owner.
— Tr. 邢全臣
英译二:
Seeking Shelter in Lotus Hill on a Snowy Night
Liu Changqing
At dusk the distant mountains loom
And cold reaches grim into the cottage
At the gate a lone dog barks
Out of the winds and snows, the cottager returns
— Tr. William Howard Day; 张智中
“夜归人”之“人”, 英译一为the house-owner(房屋的主人),英译二为cottager(村民),并与其前的cottage形成同源词语。“房屋的主人”也好,“村民”也好,借助于-er后缀,译文把“夜归人”与读者的视线距离拉远开来,便于读者远观之、审视之,然后再做分析和思考。若用第一人称I, 就不会产生这种美学效果。
有时,英译中一个-er后缀类词的使用,可使整首译诗为之一亮。如宋人苏轼《江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜记梦》及其英译:
十年生死两茫茫。不思量,自难忘。千里孤坟,无处话凄凉。纵使相逢应不识,尘满面,鬓如霜。
夜来幽梦忽还乡。小轩窗,正梳妆。相顾无言,惟有泪千行。料得年年肠断处:明月夜,短松冈。
JIANG CHENG ZI
A recorded dream, which took place on the night of the 20th of the first month, the year of Yi Mao
Ten blurry years for both the living and the dead,
Never tried to remember,
Still hard to forget.
A solitary grave thousands of li away,
No place to unpack my forlorn misery.
Even if meeting again, no recognition likely,
Face full of dust,
And sideburns like frost.
With nightfall, a gloomy dream of returning home,
Small boudoir window,
Dressing up,
Each staring at the other wordless,
Only silent tears in a thousand streams.
Reminder, year after year, of the heart-breaking place:
A moonlit night,
On a short-pine crest.
英译倒数第三行中的Reminder, 结合下面两行,其意即为:A moonlit night on a short-pine crest is the reminder of the heart-breaking place. 或:A moonlit night on a short-pine crest reminds me of the heart-breaking place. 倒装之后,中间又插入了短语year after year, 更使得译诗一时不易读懂,而一旦顿悟,诗味又何其浓郁!再看杜牧《江楼》及其英译:
独酌芳春酒,登楼已半醺。
谁惊一行雁,冲断过江云。
— Tr. 张智中
动词“酌”字,被英译为drinker(饮者):译文由动态变成了静态,正符合英语措词行文之习惯。
(三)反身代词
反身代词的妙用,常常被人们所忽略。其实,有时反身代词itself的使用,可使译文便耐品耐味。例如:
肉价太贵,他吃不起。
英译一:As the price of pork is too high, he can not afford it.
英译二:Pork has priced itself out of his dish.
他通过咒骂来出气。
英译一:He vented his anger in curses.
英译二:His anger vented itself in curses.
比较以上两个译例,可知译文一固然正确无误,译文二却更有余味。在汉诗英译中,反身代词的运用,自然可以增进译文的情趣。比较宋人张耒《夜坐》的两种英译:
庭户无人秋月明,夜霜欲落气先清。
梧桐真不甘衰谢,数叶迎风尚有声。
英译一:
Sitting Up at Night
Zhang Lei
No one is in the courtyard, the autumn moon is bright.
The air is chill before the frost in the night.
The phoenix tree, unwilling to accept its fate,
Rustles its few leaves against the harsh wind.
— Tr. 文殊、王晋熙、邓炎昌
英译二:
Night Sitting
Zhang Lei
Autumnal moon sheds luminous light on deserted
Courtyard; the air is quite chill before hoarfrost arises.
The parasol tree does not reconcile itself to
Leaf-falling; a few leaves are still dancing in the breeze.
— Tr. 张智中
比较可知,通过反身代词的使用,英译二更得原文深层之韵味。再看一首新诗英译:
春
[泰国]梦凌
凌晨
那一颗晶莹露珠
不甘寂寞
欢愉跌下河里
泳出
潺潺的青春
荡漾的
微笑
Spring
[Thailand] Meng Ling
In the early morning
The crystalline dewdrop
Is tired of loneliness
And it throws itself into the river
To coax
A rippling youth
And a poppling
Smile
— Tr. 张智中
英译And it throws itself into the river(露珠把自己抛入了河里),恰描写了露珠“欢愉跌下河里”之状貌。
(四)无灵主语
“无灵”的对面,即是“有灵”。作为相反相成的一对概念,“有灵”与“无灵”的区别,全在于是否涉及到人,或者是否涉及到与人相关联的动作。涉及到者,即为“有灵”;不涉及到者,即为“无灵”。那么,无灵主语便常用抽象名词或无生命名词。抽象名词做主语,往往能使语言简洁有力、生动形象;无生命名词做主语,常常使语言带上拟人色彩,富有诗意。例如下面的古诗句:
竹怜新雨后,山爱夕阳时。
钱起《谷口书斋寄杨补阙》
杨柳散和风,青山淡吾虑。
韦应物《寄李儋元锡》
其中都有无灵主语之运用,因而语言清新简练。显然,无灵主语是提高语言表达力和增进修辞效果的一种手段。但是,无灵主语在英语中的运用,比之汉语更加普遍。因此,如果注意无灵主语的使用,或者无灵词语与有灵词语的巧妙配合,可以充分发挥英语语言的优势,极大地增进译诗的美学效果。例如:
晓看红湿处,花重锦官城。
杜甫《春夜喜雨》
Dawn sees saturated reds;
The town’s heavy with blooms.
— Tr. 许渊冲
汉语“晓看”,其实意为“在破晓之时看”(若当真理解为包含无灵主语的主谓结构,亦无不可),英译Dawn sees却真的是无灵主语“晓”加有灵动词“看”了,因此大嘉。
落叶
孔绍安
早秋惊落叶,飘零似客心。
翻飞未肯下,犹言惜故林。
Falling Leaves
Kong Shao’an
Early fall is startled at leaves falling,
Which waft and tumble like my lonely heart.
In the air they are turning and keeling:
From their twigs, alas, they hate to depart.
— Tr. 张智中
在“早秋惊落叶”中,“早秋”本为时间状语,“惊”的主语,概为隐于背后的“我”。英译Early fall is startled at leaves falling中,Early fall(早秋)用作无灵主语,与有灵谓语动词startled(惊)搭配,因而颇具诗意。
春雪
韩愈
新年都未有芳华,二月初惊见草芽。
白雪却嫌春色晚,故穿庭树作飞花。
Spring Snow
Han Yu
No flowers in spite of arrival of the New
Year, the third moon is surprised to see young grass
Budding. Snowflakes hate the late coming of spring:
They fall and fly, like blossoms, through courtyard trees.
— Tr. 张智中
英译中,the third moon与surprised, 以及Snowflakes与hate, 都是无灵主语与有灵谓语的搭配。
(五)创词造语
论及诗歌创作,尚永亮说:“字词如果运用得好,可以使诗歌生色,达到陌生化的效果,吸引人的眼球,进而引起人的思索。”(尚永亮2008: 124)这就强调了诗歌语言的创造性。作为另类创作的翻译,或者说作为另类诗歌创作的诗歌翻译,亦当作如是观。孙艺风说:“翻译常常造成文字上的创新,给译入语的文学体系带来生机,而新的(陌生的)表达形式具有一定程度的启迪作用,并可供译入语的使用者借鉴、参考。”(孙艺风2004: 135)其实,英语语言本身很适于创词造语,以更加精练地表情达义。例如:
For twelve years this Nation was afflicted with hear-nothing, see-nothing, do-nothing, Government. (Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Forces of Selfishness and of Lust for Power Met Their Match)
其中,hear-nothing, see-nothing, do-nothing三个临时创造的词语,凝练而有力。来看苏轼《江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜记梦》中的两个诗行及其英译:
夜来幽梦忽还乡,小轩窗,正梳妆。
I dreamt I suddenly went home Yesternight
And saw you making up at the table right
— Tr. 卓振英
显然,Yesternight仿自yesterday, 总觉可味可品。
江村即事
司空曙
钓罢归来不系船,江村月落正堪眠。
纵然一夜风吹去,只在芦花浅水边。
Scene from a Riverside Village
Back from a fishing trip we didn’t bother to tie up the boat.
The moon was down; ’tis the best hour for dark cocoon-like sleep.
Even if a fresh wind should be blowing th’ rest of the night,
We’d still be in shallow waters by the flowering reeds.
— Tr. 龚景浩
赋得自君之出矣
张九龄
自君之出矣,不复理残机。
思君如满月,夜夜减清辉。
Since You Left Me
Since you left me, my lord,
No shuttlework is made.
A full moon is my heart,
Which wanes from night to night.
— Tr. 张智中
第二行中的shuttlework, 系从英文单词needlework引申而来。虽为新造,却一目了然而清新可爱。
(六)直而译之
在诗歌翻译中,意译——甚至创译,占据主导地位。那么,直译还派得上用场吗?我们来看李白《望庐山瀑布》中两个诗句的两种英译:
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。
Flying waters descending straight three thousand feet,
Till I think the Milky Way has tumbled from the ninth height of Heaven.
— Tr. Burton Watson
Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from on high
As if the Silver River fell from the blue sky.
— Tr. 许渊冲
“银河”在中国古典诗歌中很是常见,Watson将其英译为the Milky Way, 属于意译或归化译法;许渊冲译为the Silver River, 显然属于直译或异化译法。
许渊冲先生如此英译,是经过认真研究而为之的。他曾提到Bynner的古诗英译:顾况的“水晶帘卷近秋河”,被译为They have opened the curtain wide, they are facing the River of Stars. 李商隐的“长河渐落晓星沉”被译为And the River of Heaven slants and the morning stars are low. 许渊冲评论说:“如果把‘天河’和‘星河’都改译成the Milky Way, 那读者只会看到现实主义的景色,译文却减少了浪漫主义的诗情画意。”(许渊冲:1998)显然,许渊冲先生深为赞赏Bynner的直译法,所以才将“银河”译为the Silver River. 如此英译的好处,显然可见。再看宋人杨万里的《小池》及其英译:
泉眼无声惜细流,树阴照水爱晴柔。
小荷才露尖尖角,早有蜻蜓立上头。
A Pond
The fountain eyes quietly treasure the tender streams,
The tree shadows reflecting in water love the sunny softness;
The young lotus blooms just shoot their sharp buds,
On which dragonflies have already settled their tender kisses.
— Tr. 廖昌胤
将“泉眼”直译为fountain eyes, 大佳!可以丰富译入语,开发译入语的语言潜力。非有深厚之语言修养者,不敢如此直译,因为直译也可带来创造之美,是译者胆识和魄力的体现。
(七)借鉴活用
翻译离不开借鉴。在汉诗英译的过程当中,倘若译者能借鉴英诗的语言表达方式,则可极大地增进译诗语言的美感,从而增进诗歌的意境美。这也是所谓发挥译文语言优势之一种。例如:
养怡之福,可得永年。
幸甚至哉,歌以咏志。
曹操《龟虽寿》
How long the sand of life may flow,
Not to Heaven alone we owe.
Sound in body, sound in mind,
We can leave death far behind.
— Tr. 汪榕培
晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归。
陶渊明《归园田居》(其三)
Early I rise to clear the weeds away;
I plod home, hoe on shoulder, with the moon ray.
— Tr. 许渊冲
曹操《龟虽寿》英译中的The sand of life, 乃是地道的英文表达方式。陶渊明《归园田居》(其三)英译中的I plod home, 则令人想起英国诗人Thomas Gray的名作Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard中的第三、四行:The plowman homeward plods his weary way, / And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 借鉴之下,译文顿时生辉。
借鉴的同时,有时还可对英文习语灵活运用。英语里面的习语,多为固定搭配。但是,在诗歌中,有时为了押韵,有时为了其它的缘故,也可以将英语习语灵活运用,即打破其原来的组合,从而给读者带来一种异样的清新感。例如:
羌管弄晴,菱歌泛夜,
嬉嬉钓叟莲娃。
柳永《望海潮》
Anglers chuckle here, and lotus-seed pickers giggle there.
Boatmen’s ballads are heard in th’eve and Qiang Pipes in fine days.
— Tr. 卓振英
英语词组here and there, 这里却被分割开来,前面一个here, 后面一个there, 从而使译文有了动态之感。
(八)同词异译
烟笼寒水月笼沙,夜泊秦淮近酒家。
商女不知亡国恨,隔江犹唱《后庭花》。
Mooring on River Qinhuai
Cold water veiled in mist and shores steeped in moonlight,
I moor on River Qinhuai near wineshops at night,
Where songgirls knowing not the grief of conquered land
Are singing songs composed by a captive ruler’s hand.
— Tr. 许渊冲
“烟笼寒水月笼沙”,一行而两用“笼”字。再看英译,一用veiled, 一用steeped in. 一个“笼”字,两种翻译。妙极!李商隐《无题》中的两行及其英译:
相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残。
It’s difficult for us to meet and hard to part;
The east wind is too weak to revive flowers dead.
— Tr. 许渊冲
“相见时难别亦难”,一个“难”字,两种英译:difficult和hard. 表意酣畅而淋漓。
(九)以繁驭简
汉语简洁,英语繁琐,此乃常识。那么,在汉译英的过程中,由简向繁,正符合一般的情况。汉诗,更以简洁著称,那么,其英译自当以简洁凝练为上。但是,由于语言的不同和表意的差异,英译有时即便可以简洁,译者有时却故意采用繁琐的表达方式,如此才能委婉曲折,达汉语微妙之意。否则,英译难以尽兴,而令读者生出一丝遗憾。例如下面句子的两种英译:
他紧握她的手。
英译一:He holds her hand firmly.
英译二:He holds her hand in a firm clasp.
我太了解他了。他这个人最有忍耐力。
英译一:I know him too well. He has the most endurance.
英译二:I know him only too well. He is most outstanding where endurance is called for.
显然,英译一简洁多了,但却不如英译二更有余味。因此,在文学翻译或诗歌翻译中,有时若采用英译二,则译文的效果可能更好。
诗歌如艾青《无题》第17首及其英译:
不要相信牧师的话——
上帝在他的嘴上,
魔鬼在他的心里
Don’t believe the preacher:
He has God on his lips
And Satan in his heart.
— Tr. 庞秉钧、闵福德、高尔登
“上帝在他的嘴上”,没有翻译成:God is on his lips, 而是译成He has God on his lips. 这就凸显了“他”与上帝之间的关系:he has, 即表示上帝是他口头谈论的对象。如果说God is on his lips, 便失去了这层含义;而且,还可以这样理解:上帝在他的嘴唇上。从而导致语义含糊或无意义。再如:
在北方
乞丐伸着永不缩回的手
乌黑的手
要求施舍一个铜子
向任何人
甚至那掏不出一个铜子的兵士
艾青《乞丐》
In the north
Beggars extend their always outstretched hands,
Their hands black as soot,
Asking for a copper or two,
From anyone,
Even the soldiers without a copper to their name.
— Tr. 欧阳桢、彭文兰、玛丽莱·金
最后一行“甚至那掏不出一个铜子的兵士”,英译为Even the soldiers without a copper to their name. 即添加了短语to their name. 从而译出了原文的深层含义,是巧妙的表达。如此添词增义,或创造性地添词加语,正体现了译者对原文的深度理解和良好的译语语言修养。
(十)貌离神合
“诗歌有别于散文、小说的其中一个方面,即在于它蕴含着丰富的潜在信息。语言委婉含蕴,用笔曲折,言在此而意在彼,主旨深藏而不露——这些都构成诗歌的基本审美特征。”(张智中2006: 193)因此,汉诗英译,重在译出汉诗的潜在信息,而不是字面的表层信息。所以,思果说:“翻译的讨论固然永无止境,但总结一句,也只有三个字‘去字梏’,就是摆脱字的牢笼桎梏。中译英、英译中完全一样。”(思果2001: 序言)论及诗歌翻译,王佐良说:“有时,在两种语言之间无法做对应的传译时,可以做必要的变通。其实,诗的翻译未尝不是一种阐释,甚至是必要的创造。”(王佐良1995: 144)总之,言内之意易得,言外之意难求。因此,极而言之,在诗歌翻译中,有时译诗离开原诗的表面距离愈大,译诗倒可能于内在精神上与原诗更加贴近、吻合。一言以蔽之:貌离神合,最见译者功底。例如孟郊的《古别离》及其英译:
欲别牵郎衣,郎今到何处?
不恨归来迟,莫向临邛去!
I hold your robe lest you should go.
Where are you going, dear, today?
Your late return brings me less woe
Than your heart being stolen away.
— Tr. 许渊冲
后两行的英译,若回译汉语,则是:“你归来之迟,给我带来的痛苦,远不如你的心被人偷走,所给我带来的痛苦。”与原诗比较,变化较大。虽然表面看来,似有不忠之虞,但英译正译出了专名“临邛”所包含的典故:巧妙而自然,貌离而神合。
荒城临古渡,落日满秋山。
王维《归嵩山作》
An abandoned ferry, a ruined town: what a scene!
The sunset glow sets autumn hills ablaze.
— Tr. 王宝童
将“落日满秋山”译为:The sunset glow sets autumn hills ablaze(晚霞点燃秋山),似乎英译比汉语原文更具想象力和美感。正是译者有了创造性的理解,才有如此理解后的创造性翻译。
三、小结
汉诗英译,之所以被人认为不可译或者难译,即在于汉诗的审美性不可译或者难译。就汉诗英译而言,成败的关键,在于译文的审美功能,而不是信息功能。译文欲达审美之功能,则须发挥英语语言之优势。连词连用、-er后缀类词、反身代词、无灵主语、创词造语、直而译之、借鉴活用、同词异译、以繁驭简、貌离神合,乃是发挥英语语言优势的其中一些具体方法,借此可以增进译诗的语言美,并进一步增进译诗的意境美。
“人在生活中游戏,诗人在文字中游戏”。(王玉树2006: 120)而诗歌的译者们,却是在两种文字中游戏。如何将汉诗的美,用英语再现出来,是每位汉诗英译者的不懈追求。
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On Exertion of the Advantages of the Target Language in Translation of Chinese Poetry into English
ZHANG Zhi-zhong
(College of Foreign Languages, Tianjin Normal University; Tianjin; 300387)
Abstract: Three situations apply to translation: the first is that the target language is inferior to the original language or expression, the second is that the two languages are equal in expressions, the third is that the target language is superior to the original language or expression. Only when inferiority is changed into equality, or even improved into superiority, can literary translation be elevated to the height of translated literature. The essence of the translation of Chinese poetry into English lies in its aesthetic function instead of informative function. And what is important is to exert the advantages of the target language, which include: combination of conjunctions, words ending with -er, reflexive pronouns, inanimate subjects, coinages, literal translation, borrowing and flexible usage, the same words with different translations, complicated translation, and spiritual resemblance.
Key words: Translation of Chinese poetry into English; language advantages; exertion