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今  日  大  同 —— 云     冈     石     窟 （ 二 ）

(2016-11-04 09:23:25)
标签：

昙媚照壁

中期石窟

晚期石窟

早期石窟

博物馆

 分类： 行走祖国
       云冈石窟素以开凿时间早、雕刻内容丰富、保存状况良好著称于世。现存大小洞窟254座，造像51000余躯，石雕面积18000多平方米，其中最大的佛像高达17米，最小的仅有2厘米，石窟栉比，佛龛密集，蔚为壮观，是世界雕塑艺术的瑰宝之一。
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
          参观完灵岩寺仿古建筑群，走过观景桥，前方是一座石牌坊，过了牌坊拾阶而上，就见一块放大的碑文石刻，以照壁的形制迎接天下游客。这是不可不看却又被多数游人忽略的景致，碑文全称《云冈二十窟比丘尼昙媚造像题记》。原石碑1956年出土，内容是一篇颂扬佛教功德、倡导佛教徒开窟造像的“感召”书，是国内不多见的魏碑书法精品，字字彰显魏碑体风骨，笔力遒劲，浑朴厚重，为众多前来参观的书法家所钟爱。今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
 
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
          云冈石窟的开凿分为三个时期，早期开凿的石窟在景区西部，编号排后。从东部进入景区，先参观的是第1、2窟，第5、6窟，第7、8窟，第9、10窟四组双窟，第11、12、13窟一组三窟和未完工的第3窟，这些都属于中期开凿的石窟，是云冈石窟由渊源印度的佛教石窟向中国化转折的关键时期。无论洞窟的构造形式（壁面上采用汉式殿堂的上下分层、左右列段的布局方式），还是雕像的艺术风格，都再现了一个很重要的现象——中国化。这正与北魏孝文帝时期鲜卑汉化的一系列措施相呼应，是汉化之风在佛教文化上的反映。景区还发掘出一段古道车辙，与石窟雕像共同再现历史的沧桑。 今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
          壁面有殿堂保护的石窟，雕像减少了风化，形象鲜活，色彩艳丽，但不允许拍照，也不应该拍照。
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
    继续参观是第4、14、15和第11窟以西崖壁上的小窟，这些是云冈晚期开凿的石窟。公元494年之后，随着北魏迁都洛阳，大量工匠随之南下，云冈石窟大型洞窟的开凿也就基本结束。      今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>） 今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
 今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
                            今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）                            今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）    最值得称道的是云冈早期的石窟，也就是始于公元460年，由西域高僧昙曜主持开凿的五座石窟。开窟是为帝王造像，为统治者树碑立传，体现了皇帝即是佛、佛教依附王权的世俗特点，现编号为16——20窟。世界遗产委员会在其评估报告中指出：“由昙曜主持开凿的昙曜五窟造像组合形式一致，布局设计严谨统一，成为中国石窟佛教艺术史上第一次造像高峰时期产生的经典巨作。”
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
 
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
 
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
    走过最后一组石窟，一块石碑映入眼帘，它告诉人们：中国由此迈向大唐。这是著名学者余秋雨题写的碑刻，寓意颇深。北魏时期，欧洲文明发展停滞，进入黑暗的中世纪，而我国北方的游牧民族鲜卑族批判吸收了汉文化的精髓，给中华文明注入了新鲜血液，为随之而来的分裂统一、大唐盛世的出现奠定了基础。今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）
          参观完石窟，人们会自然走进新建的云冈石窟博物馆，再次穿越时光隧道，梳理一下中国历史上的一个独特的有建树的王朝——北魏。今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

 
今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

今 <wbr> <wbr>日 <wbr> <wbr>大 <wbr> <wbr>同 <wbr>—— <wbr>云 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>冈 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>石 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>窟 <wbr>（ <wbr>二 <wbr>）

         博友言泊远赐玉：

                 百尺石龛奉我佛，千秋轮架运缘车。
                 载来西域菩提树，竞放青莲旖旎娑。

                               5月26日 20:55







 

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