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屹   立   不   倒   的   比   萨   斜   塔

(2013-06-14 10:02:51)
标签：

世界遗产

中央教堂广场

伽利略

大教堂和洗礼堂

自由落体和惯性定律

 分类： 欧洲六国旅游
     在一片宽阔的草坪上，坐落着比萨中央教堂广场，这里有４件中世纪的建筑杰作(大教堂、洗礼堂、钟楼和墓地)，其中举世无双的钟楼便是比萨斜塔。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
    中央教堂广场位于意大利中部名城佛罗伦萨西北方向的比萨小镇古城内， 因有比萨斜塔这样人类建筑史上的奇迹，所以也称奇迹广场。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     比萨大教堂建于1063——1092年，它的知名度除了本身的建筑艺术价值外，还要归功于出生在当地的大科学家伽利略。由于经常在这里做礼拜，有一次他无意中观察到教堂中的一个青铜吊灯来回摆动，于是头脑中迸发出科学火花，经过缜密思考和不断实验，提出了摆动原理。后来人类使用的钟表就是根据这一原理制造的，这支吊灯也以伽利略吊灯冠名。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     大教堂前有一位下腰摆造型的姑娘，根椐她的综色皮肤，我猜可能是拉丁美洲国家的游客，因为中东国家的女孩没有这么大胆和开放。其实人家是以比萨斜塔为背景摆的Pose ，我觉得挺好玩，又不敢在正面拍摄，怕搞不好惹上官司，在异国他乡弄个侵犯少女肖像权，那可就麻烦啦！
屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
    屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     大教堂的正面不断有入内参观的人流，我们旅游团没安排这个项目，但我又想留个纪念。好容易等到正门前没了人，赶紧对好焦距按下快门，没想到一位白人女士闯进镜头。这也算一次意外遭遇吧，我也没什么好办法，删了舍不得，再拍没时间。好在虚惊一场，人家根本没当回事，咱也赶紧走之大吉。门楣上方的圣母怀抱圣子雕像可以作证，我真不是故意的。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     洗礼堂在大教堂的西面，采用白绿相间的水平层构成墙面，一圈精巧的哥特式尖券环绕着中央穹顶，远观像绿草坪上立着的一顶王冠。洗礼堂的侧后方是外墙用大理石砌成的墓地。领队安排的有限时间让我没机会进去看一眼，那里肯定安眠着许多世界名人，也会充满艺术氛围，不然怎么会也列入世界文化遗产呢？屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
              
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
              
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     比萨斜塔实际是比萨大教堂的独立钟楼，1174年动工，1350年完成，为8层圆柱形建筑。塔高54·5米，塔身墙壁底部厚约4米，顶部厚度超过2米，外墙全部采用大理石砌筑，所以异常超重，约有1·42万吨，是罗马式建筑的样板。      
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     比萨斜塔的知名第一是斜而不倒，第二是大科学家伽利略1590年在塔上做过著名的“自由落体运动”实验，一举推翻了古希腊著名学者亚里士多德的“物体落下的速度与重量成正比”的权威说法，建立了科学的“自由落体定律”和“惯性定律”。虽然许多学者对伽利略学生的这一说法产生置疑，但比萨斜塔却因此更加名声大噪，世界各地的游客纷至沓来，平均每年超过1000万。面对如此闻名遐迩的建筑当然要留影纪念啦，摆个十字平衡的造型，这样既有《泰坦尼克》式的浪漫，又能比较出斜塔的倾斜。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     大教堂钟楼之所以变成斜塔，最根本的原因是造基不慎，建至第三层即出现倾斜。按照今天的分析首先是设计责任。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     如果当时有足够的地质和水文资料，设计师根据钟楼的自重、受力面积等数据，把基础设计搞准夯实，就不会出现局部下沉。虽然到现在我们还不知道设计者的名字，这位怪才若真的按规范操作，那么今天的地球人就不会观赏到这一奇观，这也叫歪打正着吧。屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     如果建到三层发现倾斜后推倒重来，或者搁置96年后采取切实有效的补救措施把倾斜调整过来，那么笔直挺拔的钟楼只是中世纪保存下来的一座精美建筑而已。不会也不可能像今天的比萨斜塔那样，受到几个世纪的追捧，吸引全世界人的眼球。
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     比萨斜塔经过176年的煎熬建成之时，塔顶中心点已偏离垂直中心线2·1米，从落成之日起600多年来，塔身的缓慢倾斜一直没有停止。特别是近一个世纪，它就像一位历尽沧桑的高龄老人，已向南倾斜了大约30厘米，斜度达到8度，塔身超过垂直平面5·1米。
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     更令人意想不到的是，1972年10月意大利发生了一次地震，使斜塔雪上加霜受到强烈冲击，整个塔身大幅度摇晃达22分钟之久，情况极其危险。结果上天有眼，斜塔摇而不倒，震后仍然骄傲地屹立在比萨古城。当地人奔走相告，无不为此庆幸！
              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     从1918年开始测量以来，塔身平均每年向南倾斜1毫米。为了挽救这座国宝级的建筑，意大利政府早在1930年就对塔基周围进行灌注加固，地震后的1973年又规定在斜塔周边1·5公里内严禁取水，1990年宣布关闭整修，2001年重新开放后限制游人登塔。经过一系列卓有成效的抢救，比萨斜塔现在已基本稳定。有的专家预测，如果没有不可预见的灾害发生，斜塔还可以保持250年；也有的专家比较乐观，认为斜塔现在已无潜在危险，至少还能陪伴人类300年以上。

              屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
     匆匆忙忙游览和拍照完后，在赶往古城大门集合的路上，我看见一群当地的中学生席地坐在草坪上，在老师的辅导下正记着什么、写着什么，这里可能也是他们的爱国主义教育基地吧。难道这些被列入世界文化遗产的伟大建筑还不够他们为自己的国家和民族自豪吗？屹 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>立 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>不 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>倒 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>的 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>比 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>萨 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>斜 <wbr> <wbr> <wbr>塔
   



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