庄子的智慧--无以人灭天
(2018-06-14 15:45:59)
标签:
无以人灭天庄子的智慧 |
分类: 杂谈 |
【原文】
曰:“何谓天(1)?何谓人(2)?”
北海若曰:“牛马四足,是谓天;落马首(3),穿牛鼻,是谓人。故曰:无以人灭天,无以故灭命(4),无以得殉名(5)。谨守而勿失(6),是谓反其真。”(秋水)
【译文】
河神说:“什么是天然?什么又是人为?”
海神回答:“牛马生就四只脚,这就叫天然;用马络套住马头,用牛鼻绾穿过牛鼻,这就叫人为。所以说,不要用人为去毁灭天然,不要用有意的作为去毁灭自然的禀性,不要为获取虚名而不遗余力。谨慎地持守自然的禀性而不丧失,这就叫返归本真。”
《马蹄》:【原文】
马,蹄可以践霜雪,毛可以御风寒,龁草饮水①,翘足而陆②,此马之真性也。虽有義台路寝③,无所用之。及至伯乐④,曰:“我善治马。”烧之⑤,剔之⑥,刻之⑦,雒之⑧,连之以羁⑨,编之以皁栈⑩,马之死者十二三矣(11)。饥之,渴之,驰之(12),骤之,整之(13),齐之,前有橛饰之患(14),而后有鞭之威(15),而马之死者已过半矣。陶者曰:“我善治埴(16),圆者中规,方者中矩。”匠人曰:“我善治木,曲者中鉤,直者应绳。”夫埴木之性,岂欲中规矩鉤绳哉?然且世世称之曰“伯乐善治马”而“陶、匠善治埴、木(17)”,此亦治天下者之过也。
【注释】
①龁(hé):咬嚼。
②翘(qiáo):扬起。陆:通作踛(lù),跳跃。
③義(é):通“峨”,“義台”即高台。路:大,正;寝:居室。
④伯乐:姓孙名阳,伯乐为字,秦穆公时人,相传善于识马、驯马。
⑤烧之:指烧红铁器灼炙马毛。
⑥剔之:指剪剔马毛。
⑦刻之:指凿削马蹄甲。
⑧雒(luò)之:“雒”通作“烙”,指用烙铁留下标记。
⑨连:系缀,连结。羁(jī):马络头。(zhì):绊马脚的绳索。
⑩皁(zào):饲马的槽枥。栈:安放在马脚下的编木,用以防潮,俗称马床。
(11)十二三:十分之二三。
(12)驰:马快速奔跑;下句“骤”字同此义。“驰之”、“骤之”,意指打马狂奔,要求马儿速疾奔跑。
(13)整:整齐划一;下句“齐”字同此义。“整之”、“齐之”,意指使马儿步伐、速度保持一致。
(14)橛(jué):马口所衔之木,今用铁制,谓马口铁。饰:指马络头上的装饰。
(15):“策”字的异体。马鞭用皮制成叫鞭,用竹制成就叫“策”。
(16)埴(zhí):粘土。
(17)称:称举,赞扬。
【译文】
马,蹄可以用来践踏霜雪,毛可以用来抵御风寒,饿了吃草,渴了喝水,性起时扬起蹄脚奋力跳跃,这就是马的天性。即使有高台正殿,对马来说没有什么用处。等到世上出了伯乐,说:“我善于管理马。”于是用烧红的铁器灼炙马毛,用剪刀修剔马鬃,凿削马蹄甲,烙制马印记,用络头和绊绳来拴连它们,用马槽和马床来编排它们,这样一来马便死掉十分之二三了。饿了不给吃,渴了不给喝,让它们快速驱驰,让它们急骤奔跑,让它们步伐整齐,让它们行动划一,前有马口横木和马络装饰的限制,后有皮鞭和竹条的威逼,这样一来马就死过半数了。制陶工匠说:“我最善于整治粘土,我用粘土制成的器皿,圆的合乎圆规,方的应于角尺。”木匠说:“我最善于整治木材,我用木材制成的器皿,能使弯曲的合于钩弧的要求,笔直的跟墨线吻合。”粘土和木材的本性难道就是希望去迎合圆规、角尺、钩弧、墨线吗?然而还世世代代地称赞他们说,“伯乐善于管理马”而“陶匠、木匠善于整治粘土和木材”,这也就是治理天下的人的过错啊!
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