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同根不同形的副词用法

(2016-03-24 14:03:47)
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教育

在英语中,存在着有一些同根不同形的副词来表示方式、 程度,具有以 ly 结尾的副词与不以ly结尾的同根副词两种形式。 如deep 深深地,deeply 深深地;close靠近,closely密切地 ; high高高地, highly高度地;wide 宽地,充分地,  widely 广泛地;late迟,晚  lately最近,近来;near  近,nearly 差不多,将近;hard努力地 ,hardly几乎不;free 免费地,freely 自由地,无拘束地;just 刚,正好, justly 公正地,理所当然地;most 极,非常,mostly主要地 ,多半;  fair 公正地 ,直接地 ,fairly诚实地,相当地;clean  完全地,彻底地,cleanly 干净地,光洁地;pretty相当,颇, prettily漂亮地,精致地;loud 响亮地,大声地,loudly   大声地 ,等等。
在这些词当中,两种不同形式所表达的含义有的完全不同,有的很相似,而有的却完全一致。由于这些词的使用频率较高,绝大部分都在中学教材中出现过,这就给学生使用这些词的时候带来了很多的困惑和一定的麻烦,使用时总是混淆不清。为此,笔者就此问题归纳成以下三种情形:
 一、形式和含义完全不同的两种副词:主要有hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等。试比较:
1.He works very hard at English .(努力地)
He hardly works at all. (几乎不)
2.You got up too late. (晚)
I've not seen him lately? (最近)
3.Those who talks most is often the one who does least. (很多地)
  The students in our class consisted mostly of girls. (大部分)
4. Please stand clear of the gate. (请不要站在门前)
I can see the words on the blackboard clearly. (清楚地)
5. The exam was pretty difficult. (很、相当地)
  Her little girls are always prettily dressed. (得体地、漂亮地)
二、两种副词形式不同,含义也稍有差别,但不及前一种区别明显,翻译成汉语时措词也很接近:主要有:wide,widely;close,closely;high,highly等。这类词含义及用法上的主要特点是:不带-ly的副词多表示具体意义或用于习语中,表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状态有可测量性或可预见性;而 以-ly结尾的同源副词多表示抽象或引伸意义,所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状态;大都具有"greatly"和"extremely"的含义。试比较如下句子:
1.The plane is flying high in the sky. (高高地)
  Tom was highly praised by his teacher today. (高度地)
2.He opened his mouth quite wide. (宽大地)
  English is widely used in the world. (广泛地)
We were widely different on many questions. (完全地)
3.You will have to pay dear for the camera.(昂贵地)
  You will pay dearly for what you’ve done. (高昂地)
4.She stood close against the wall. (临近地)
  The prisoners are often watched closely. (密切地)
5.They had to dig deep to reach water. (深地)
You have hurt her deeply. (严重地、深深地)
三、形式不同,含义却完全相同的两种副词:主要有slow,slowly;quick,quickly; loud, loudly 等。现代英语的语言规范性要求用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词,但由于句子结构以及搭配的不同,使用时也具有不同的倾向性。倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式主要有以下四种情况:
1. 用作比较级或最高级时:
eg. Emily was walking quickly, but George was walking even quicker.
The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemen shouted louder.
2. 有"so"或"too"修饰时:
eg. .It all happened so quick that I could do nothing.
It is impossible to catch up with him; your car goes too slow.
Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.
3. 修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时:
eg. Come quick; we are waiting for you.
       Drive slow; this part is dangerous.
Business is going strong.
4. 在固定词组中或用于修饰它的习语动词时:
eg. Take it easy.
Stand firm and hold it tight.
He often plays high. (他赌注常下得很大。)
They often work in the fort deep into the night.
归纳起来,第一类较易,而后两类词,可以考虑是否有具体性与抽象性的差异,在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见的情况或变化时,常用不带-ly的副词形式,如:climb high,live close by,open wide,sink deep,turn sharp right;反之,具有抽象含义或引伸意义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词, 如:think highly of,look closely into,love dearly。二要考虑固定搭配与灵活搭配的情况, 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用的词组中,不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多, 如aim high,run high,fight fair,go easy with,drink deep,sleep sound 等等。三是口语与书面语的区别。如:"Speak loudly and clearly. “也可以是:"Speak loud and clear."

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