现在分词短语可以用作状语，修饰句子中由谓语表示的主要动作。这个状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。下面分述如下：

一、作时间状语

　　如果现在分词的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生，分词用一般式，有时其前可以加上连词while或when。相当于when, while ,as 等引导的时间状语从句，常位于句首或句末。

 (When) Visiting a strange city，I like to have a guide-book with me.游览陌生城市时，我喜欢随身带着导游手册。

(While)Flying over the Channel，the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.飞过英吉利海峡时，驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。

Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.(＝When they heard the news，they...)听到这个消息时，他们都高兴得跳了起来。

Walking slowly across the grass，he pointed the gun at the lion and fired.他慢慢地走过草地，把枪对准狮子就射击了。

Crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.

=When he was crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.

(When) Hearing the news, he got frightened.

= When he heard the news, he got frightened.

Having arrived at the factory, they immediately set to work. Be careful when crossing the street.

Don’t mention this while talking to him.

On arriving in London, he managed to get in touch with her.=As soon as he arrived in London.

Having read the letter, she got very excited.

One day，while walking along the sands towards his boat，Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man's foot. 　有一天，克鲁索沿着沙滩走向他的船时，在沙子里看见一个人的脚印。

Seeing my parents waving in the crowd，I went running to them.

 

　　分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around,等，表示一个短暂动作。此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一（刚）……就……"。此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。         

Hearing the footstep below(＝When he heard the footstep below)，he rose and went to the top of the stairs.听见下面脚步声，他站起身来走到楼梯口去。

Seeing a large cake flying through the air，the driver pulled up quickly.司机看见一只大蛋糕在空中掠过，赶紧刹车。

Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.

= On hearing their teacher's voice…

= When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。 

 

B6u5

1.Having collected and evaluated the information,  I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. (P34) 收集和评估了这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流，流速是多少。

2. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.由于我已经在夏威夷经历过好几次地震，所以我并没过多注意。

Having……分词短语在句中作状语，表示动作发生在主句动作take notice之前。

3. Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. 那天辛辛苦苦地干了一整天，我很早就上床睡觉。

4. Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went ay closer. 早先从观测站出发时，就带了一些特制的安全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。

 

 

如果现在分词的动作结束之后，谓语动词的动作才发生，现在分词应用完成式。即having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。这时分词所表示的动作有一定的持续性, 即延续性动词。如果用一般式就会给人感觉到似乎是"某人在做某事时就开始做某事"，容易产生误解。
这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示。 也可以用after /when引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。      

现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句中谓语动词之前，若分词所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done, 若是动宾（被动）关系，则用having been done.

Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass.他把花浇好后，开始割草。

Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。

Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables.

Having been translated into several languages, the book became famous all over the world.

Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

Having lived in New York for years, I know each part of it very well.

Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play. 
After having finished his homework, the boy… 
After /when he had finished his homework, the boy…

Having received his letter, I decided to write back.

 

完成句子 

①、_____________ his gloves, the doctor began to do the operation.  

 戴上手套后，那位医生开始做手术了。 

②、___________________， she stopped to have a break.  

 写完作业后，她停下来休息。 

③、_____________ the news, the woman stood there, frightened.  

 听到这个消息，那位女士站在那儿，吓坏了。  

答案：

 

(1) Having put on (2) Having finished her homework (3) Hearing

 

1. ____all my letters, I had a drink and went out.

A. Finished

B. Having finished

C. Finishing 

D. To finish

2.____several times, the young scientist still kept on making his experiments.

A. Having been failed

B. Having failed

C. Though failed     

D. Because of failure

3. While building a tunnel through the mountain,___.

A. an underground lake was discovered

B. there was an underground lake discovered

C. a lake was discovered underground.

D. the workers discovered an underground lake 

4. She set out soon after dark ___ home an hour later.

A. arriving                   

B. to arrive

C. having arrived         

D. and arrived

5.___his key, he couldn’t enter the room.

A. Having been lost  

B. He had lost

C. Having lost        

D. Losing

6. The lecture __________ , he left his seat so quietly that no one 

complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． 

A．began   

B．beginning  

C．having begun 

D．being beginning

 

7. She set out soon after dark________ home an hour later.  

A. arriving    

B. to arrive   

C. having arrived    

D. and arrived  

 

8. ________ around the Water Cube,  we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.      

A. Having shown    

B. To be shown                 

C. Having been shown    

D. To show 

9. _______ in the hall for half an hour, the old man suddenly 

realized he had left the wallet in the car. 

A. Waiting  

B. To wait  

C. Having waited  

D. To have waited 

10. _______ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.  A. Fail    

B. Failed     

C. To fail   

D. Having failed

 

11.______ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having been asked  

B. To ask  

C. Having asked 

D. To be asked 

12. _______ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New IPad.

 A. Standing  

B. To stand  

C. Stood  

D. Stand

 

参考答案: BBDDC   CDCCD   AA

 

二、作方式状语

　　现在分词作方式状语很容易与伴随状语、同位语、定语相混淆。试分析下列句子：

　　现在分词作方式状语等于介词with引起的方式状语 或and并列的两个谓语动词.

He stood leaning against（靠在.上） the wall.

=He stood and leaned against the wall.

He earns a living by driving.他靠开卡车谋生。

They would be able to reply to our signals by using similar methods.他们将能用同样的方法回答我们的信号。

He came running back to tell me the news.

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.

They eat using the fingers of their right hands.

三、作目的状语例如：

Pappy ran out to the gate and told him not to come fooling(＝to fool)round there no more.巴比跑到大门口去叫他不要再到这儿来游荡。(钱歌川，《英语疑难详解》P237)

The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.(＝in order to beg for a meal)六个瞎子站在那儿要饭。

四、作结果状语例如：

现在分词表示必然结果，前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果，前可加only。

Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. 

The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay.

 He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold.

There is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place.

making it difficult to travel from place to place 是结果状语。现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性（自然结果）。（making 可以改为 which makes，相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。）

I thought he was making fun of me，and ran faster than ever，reaching(＝so that I reached)the school yard quite out of breath.我想他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。

Her husband died ten years ago，leaving her with three children to look after.她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三个孩子。

He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry. 他每天回来得很晚，这是他的妻子很生气。

=He comes home late every evening, which makes his wife very angry.

=He comes home late every evening, and it makes his wife very angry.

Mary failed all her exams, making both her parents very angry. 玛丽未能通过一门考试，这是她父母非常生气。

European football is played in more than80countries,making it one of the most popular games in the world.(NMET1998全国卷)

The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.

Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after.

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

She threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.

The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song

The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.

五、作伴随状语

　　伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。

☆理解技巧：

理解“伴随状语”的关键是要理解“伴随”二字。分词(短语)用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生，但句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作，来对谓语表示的动作加以说明或作为陪衬。它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句来转换。一般将其置于句后,可用逗号与主句成分分开。

例如:

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking happily. 
=The children laughed and talked happily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着。 
The dog came in, following its master. 

=The dog came in and followed its master. 

Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.

=Four people entered the room and looked around in a curious way.    

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 

They stood there for an hour, watching the game. 

He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.他坐在扶手椅里读报。

All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。

The boy sat in front of the farmhouse, cutting the branch.

All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.

The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.

He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.

They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.

He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看报。

过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如： 
Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下，学生们成功地完成了任务。

 

He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。（☆过去分词短语也可以作伴随状语）

 

 

 

 

1. ____at my classmates' face .I read the same excitement in their eyes.

A. looking    

B. look

C. to look

D. looked

 

 

 

选　A

2. The lady walked around the shop, ___an eye out for bargains.

A. keep

B .kept

C. keeping

D .to keep

 

 

 

 

选C. 这位女士在商店周围闲逛，注意看有没有特价商品。伴随状语。

 

3. Lot's of rescue workers were working around the clock, ____supplies to Yushu after the earthquake.

A. sending

B. to send

C. having sent

D. to have sent

 

 

 

选A.地震之后，许多救援工人正在夜以继日地工作，为玉树地区发送物资。伴随状语

 

 

4. He had a wonderful childhood, ___with his mother to all corners of the world.

A. travel

B. to travel

C. traveled

D traveling

 

 

选D. 他有一个快乐的童年，经常和他的母亲周游世界，伴随状语

 

5. The lawyer listened with full attention, ____to miss any point.

A.         not trying

B.         trying not

C.         to try not

D.        not to try.

 

 

 

答案选B

这名律师全神贯注地听，尽力不错过任何要点。伴随状语。

6. The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare

B. preparing  

C. prepared

D. was preparing.

 

 

 

 

选　B。秘书工作到深夜，为总统或校长准备一篇发言稿。伴随状语

 

7.___their hats into the air,the fans of the wining team let out loud shouts of victory.

A. to throw

B. thrown

C. throwing

D. being thrown      

 

 

选C. 获胜一方的粉丝们把帽子高高地抛向空中，发出胜利的欢呼声。伴随状语。

8. I walked out of the cinema,____I’d never come back to this hell of a place.

A.determining B.decided C.to determine D.to decide.

 

 

 

选A.我走出了剧院，决心再也不来这个鬼地方。伴随状语。

 

六、作原因状语

　　现在分词短语作原因状语，尤其是be，feel，know，recognize，fear等状态动词的现在分词(短语)，以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时，通常表示原因。相当于as, since, because等引起的原因状语从句，常位于句首,句中或句末。

He was a brave man. He decided to return to France. = Being a brave man, he decided to return to France. 

Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.

Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.

Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.

Being sick，I stayed at home.我因病呆在家中。

Not knowing her address，I can't write to her.由于不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。

Not having done(＝As he has not done)his homework，he stayed at home.由于他没完成作业，只好呆在家里

Being a teacher，you should help your students in every way.

Being poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set.  

Not knowing her address, I can't write to her.

Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.

Having eaten too much, he couldn’t go to sleep.

 

七、作条件状语例如：

相当于一个if 等引导的条件状语从句，常位于句首。

Working hard, you will succeed. 

Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. 

=If I know anything about it, I will tell you all. 

Taking(＝If you take)the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood.如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。

Listening to English every day （If you listen to English every day）， you’ ll learn it well step by step.

Using your head, you’ll find a good way. 

Taking the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a lake.

Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.

Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.

Working hard, you'll succeed.

Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。

两句中的分词短语均用作条件状语，其中第一句中的现在分词短语working hard相当于if you work hard，第二句中的compared with you相当于if I was compared with you。

 

 

八、起补充说明作用

现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如：

My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.

＝...and will arrive in Chicago at ten.

The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.＝...and added that he had enjoyed his stay here.

九．作让步状语：

两句中的分词短短语均表示让步，含有“虽然”“尽管”之意，

相当于although, though, even if, even though引起的让步状语从句,常位于句首。

Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.

=Buying a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.

Though they knew all this, they made me pay for the damage.

=knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

Working so hard, he failed again.

Living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。

Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。

Although he lived miles away, he attended the course.

Thought he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer.

十：现在分词独立成分的特殊使用：

generally speaking:一般来讲，frankly speaking : 坦白地说。exactly speaking,严密地讲， 正确地说。 judging from / by…,从….可以判断出来。 considering ….考虑到…

1: Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.

2: Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries.

十一：现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 
现在分词与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 

(1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 

1. He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 
2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 
(2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系.

1. Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.  在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 

2. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 

 

 

 

一、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下三种情况：

 
1．分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。 
此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一（刚）……就……"。 
此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。               如：

Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.（= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…）一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。

 
2．谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用when /while+现在分词的一般式，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。 如： 
Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考试时不要粗心。 
注：此结构中，不能用其他连接词替换when或while。

 
3．分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生，则要现在分词的完成式，即having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。 
这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示。 
这种情况也可以用after /when引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。      

现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句中谓语动词之前，若分词所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done, 若是动宾（被动）关系，则用having been done.

1；Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables.

2: Having been translated into several languages, the book became famous all over the world.

3:Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

4: Having lived in New York for years, I know each part of it very well.

如：Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play. 
After having finished his homework, the boy… 
After /when he had finished his homework, the boy…

Having received his letter, I decided to write back.

 

高中课本原句分析

B6u5

 Having collected and evaluated the information,  I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. (P34) 收集和评估了这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流，流速是多少。

Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I

didn’t take much notice.由于我已经在夏威夷经历过好几次地震，所以我并没过多注意。

Having……分词短语在句中作状语，表示动作发生在主句动作take notice之前。

Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. 那天辛辛苦苦地干了一整天，我很早就上床睡觉。

Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went ay closer. 早先从观测站出发时，就带了一些特制的安全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。

Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty…虽然我从事火山研究20多年了，但是我对火山的壮丽景色以及它那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已。

1）、①、Having done 是现在分词的完成式，在此句中作时间状语。现在分词作状语时，如果分词动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，就要用现在分词的完成式。如果分词动作与句子的主语之间是被动关系，则用 having been done，主动关系用having done。  

Having suffered from heart trouble for years, his dad has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.  

Having failed to reach them on the phone,we sent an email, instead. .  

②、分词的完成式having done不作宾补，不作定语，分词与不定式的区别主要体现在动作发生的时间上。  

    Having cleaned the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.

take notice of sb or sth   注意到…（常用于否定句）

    Take no notice of what others say about your way of life.

 

2）、完成句子 

①、_____________ his gloves, the doctor began to do the operation.  

 戴上手套后，那位医生开始做手术了。 

②、___________________， she stopped to have a break.  

 写完作业后，她停下来休息。 

③、_____________ the news, the woman stood there, frightened.  

 听到这个消息，那位女士站在那儿，吓坏了。  

答案：(1) Having put on (2) Having finished her homework (3) Hearing

 

 

 

二、现在分词在句中作原因状语

1．分词短语在句中作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样，也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语，该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。 
Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. 
因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。 
= Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help. 

2．当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如： 
Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. 
= Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.因为与那个女孩一起生活了五年，我们都非常了解她。

 
三、现在分词短语在句中可以作条件状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。

 
Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作，你会成功的。 
Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. 
= If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.如果转向左边，你将找到通向公园的小道。

 
四、分词短语在句中作让步状语

 
分词短语在句中作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。 
现在分词短语作让步状语，分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语，变成状语从句时，需用主动语态。 
Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone. 
= Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 虽然那块石头重将近一百斤，他一个人就把它挪动了。

 
五、分词短语在句中作结果状语

 
现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语，它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语，该短语相当于一个结果状语从句，且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气，就在分词前加thus。 
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 
= Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay. 他们的车遇上交通阻塞，因而耽误了。

 
六、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况

分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语，谓语动词作为主要动作，而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作，它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句来转换。过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如： 
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 
The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着。 
Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下，学生们成功地完成了任务。

 

辨别下列例句中现在分词短语的做什么状语：
1. All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.
2. The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.
3. Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after.
4. He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.
5. Having eaten his dinner, the boy rushed out.
6. Not knowing her address, I can't write to her.
7. Taking the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a lake.
8. Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.
9. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
10. Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.
11. The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
12. Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.
13. Working hard, you'll succeed.
14. Having received his letter, I decided to write back.
15. Having eaten too much, he couldn’t go to sleep
16. Working so hard, he failed again.
17. They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
18. She threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
19. The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
20. They eat using the fingers of their right hands.
1)伴随  伴随  结果  伴随  时间
6)原因  条件  时间  结果  原因
11)方式  条件  条件  时间  原因
16)让步  伴随  结果  结果  方式

 

 

-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①-ing分词短语作时间状语，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
读书的时候他时不时地点头。
②-ing分词短语作原因状语。如：
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.
由于不知道他的地址，我无法把书送给他。
③-ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她如此生气地把玩具扔到地上，结果玩具摔碎了。
④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们一直站了半个小时看天上的星星。

-ing形式作状语,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。如:

　　Being a teacher, you should help your students in every way.(原因)

　　He died from a sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done (so that he left the experiment half-done).(结果)

　　Seeing my parents waving in the crowd, I went running to them.(时间;方式)

　　The students entered the classroom, following their English teacher.(伴随)

　　Listening to English every day (If you listen to English every day), you’ll learn it well step by step. (条件)

　　学习-ing形式作状语的用法时,需要注意以下四点:

　　(一) 与过去分词作状语的区别。 
一般来说,-ing形式表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。试比较:

　　The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.

　　Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic.

　　分析:前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语,它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为主动关系;后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因,它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为被动关系。

　　(二) 关于逻辑主语的问题。-ing形式作状语时,一般情况下,其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致。如:

　　Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.

　　Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.(上海2001,28)

　　Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海2001春,38)

　　Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001, 35)

　　分析:前三例中,-ing形式的逻辑主语均为主句的主语。最后一例中,having suffered的逻辑主语是the river,并不是主句的主语it。这种用法极为少见,有的语法家称其为垂悬分词,我们在学习中不宜模仿。

　（三） -ing形式的否定式。其基本结构是：not + -ing形式，无论在完成式还是被动式里，not必须置于-ing形式之前。如：

        Not having finished his homework， the boy was still doing it in the classroom.

        （四） -ing形式（短语）的功能有时相当于一个状语从句。

        根据这个性质，我们在使用-ing形式作状语时，切记不要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接。如：

        Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn， so you’ll feel very comfortable.（×）

        分析：如前所述，-ing形式短语相当于一个状语从句，所以后半句中的连词so的使用是错误的，应该去掉。原句应改为：

        Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn， you’ll feel very comfortable.

        巩固性练习：

        请用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空：

        1. _____ （live） in a southern city of China， I have never seen such a wonderful snow view.

        2. _____ （not grow） up yet， you’re not allowed to enter the bars.

        3. _____ （encourage） by the director， the actors performed wonderfully in the play.

        4. _____ （Know） all this， they made me pay for the damage.

        5. The students are sitting in the reading-room，

        _____ （read） all kinds of books.

        Key：

        1. Living 2. Not having grown 3. Encouraged

        4. Knowing 5. reading

(1) 现在分词（短语）作时间状语

Walking along the street one day, sha saw a little girl running up to her.

(=when she was walking along the street one day .)

有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时，她看见一个小女孩朝她跑了过来。

While crossing the street, you must be careful.当你横过马路时，一定要小心。(=while you cross the street.)

现在分词（短语）强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，前面可带when，while，after，before，since 等从属连词。如：

When visiting a strange city，I like to have a guide-book with me.游览陌生城市时，我喜欢随身带着导游手册。

While flying over the Channel，the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.飞过英吉利海峡时，驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。

(2) Having no place to go to , the man wandered about in the street.

由于没有要去的地方，那个男人只好在街上徘徊。

Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.

他由于病了，昨天就没有去上学。 ? (=because he was ill)

Living in the country，we had few social engagements.

(=Because we were living in the country)

我们住在乡村，交际的机会很少。

Seeing that it was raining，George put on his mackintosh.

鉴于下雨，乔治穿上了雨衣。（seeing that是一个原因的固定说法）

(3)现在分词（短语）作结果状语

Jane fell off the bike，cutting her leg.

简从自行车上摔下，划破了腿。

It rained heavily，causing severe flooding in that country.

大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。

(4) 现在分词（短语）作条件状语

Working hard, you will succeed.

努力工作，你就会成功。

Standing on the building ,you can see the whole city.

站在那座楼上，你会看到整个城市。

(5) 现在分词（短语）作让步状语

Such committees， being evenly balanced， almost never succeed in making unequivocal judgements.

这种委员会虽然代表性很均衡，但几乎从未做出十分明确的决断。

Although living miles away，he got around to visiting her.

尽管住在几英里以外，他还是去看她了。

While not being optimistic，I have not given up all hope.

虽然不乐观，但是我还没有放弃一切希望。

(6) 现在分词（短语）作方式状语

She came running back to tell usthe news

她跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。

Mary stood at the school gate wating for Betty.

玛丽站在校门口等贝蒂。

She looked out of the window，as though thinking.

她向窗外望去，似乎在思考。

(7) 现在分词（短语）作伴随状语

His wife came into the house carrying a bundle of clothes.

他妻子拿着一包衣服走进屋内。

Raymond entered college at the age of eighteen，graduating four years later at the head of his class.

雷蒙德18岁上大学，4年之后毕业时名列前茅。

(8) 现在分词（短语）在某些固定结构中作状语

① 现在分词（短语）在spend time / money / energy doing中作状语。如：

I wish you wouldn’t spend so much time watching television.

我希望你不要花这么多时间看电视。

He spends a lot of money entertaining his friends.

他花很多钱款待朋友。

The secretary spent his energy organizing the rally.

秘书为大会的组织工作用尽了力气。

② 现在分词（短语）在（be）busy doing中作状语。如：

The workers were busy unloading carts.

工人们忙着卸车。

He was busy packing.

他正忙着收拾行装。

③ 现在分词（短语）在have difficulty/trouble/a difficult time doing中作状语。如：

The boy had little difficulty learning mathematics.

那男孩学数学没有什么困难。

The two friends had a hard time getting here.

两位朋友到这里来一路辛苦。

At first she had a little trouble following the lectures.

起初她上课听讲有点困难。

④ 现在分词（短语）在keep doing中作状语。如：

Why do you keep saying that?

你为什么老说那件事？

⑤ 现在分词（短语）在go doing中作状语。如：

He often goes running.

他经常跑步。

She buried her head under the pillow, ______. (cry)

The children came into the sitting-room, _________________. (sing and dance)

1) Nora stood at the bus stop, 

     __________________.

    娜拉站在公共汽车站旁看报纸。

___________________________, you can have a better view of the city.   站在山顶上, 你能更好地看到这个城市

3) Olive came ______________________

      奥丽夫跑步来到大楼前。

4) “We can’t go out in this weather,” said

      Bob, ____ out of the window. 

      A. looking  B. to look 

      C. looked  D. having looked

____at my classmates' face .I read the same excitement in their eyes.

A.looking  B.look C.to look D.looked 选　A

2,这位女士在商店周围闲逛，注意看有没有特价商品。伴随状语。

the lady walked around the shop,___an eye out for bargains.

A.keepB .kept C.keeping D.to keep

选C

3.地震之后，许多救援工人正在夜以继日地工作，为青海玉树地区发送物资。伴随状语

Lot's of rescue workers were working around the clock,____supplies to yushu qinghai province after the earthquake.

A.sending B.to send C.having sent D. to have sent

选A.

4.他有一个快乐的童年，经常和他的母亲周游世界，伴随状语

he had a wonderful childhood,___with his mother to all corners of the world.

A.travel B.to travel C.traveled D traveling

选D

5.这名律师全神贯注地听，尽力不错过任何要点。伴随状语。

the lawyer listened with full attention,____to miss any point.

A.not trying B.trying not C.to try not D.not to try.答案选B

6.在２００９年四月。胡主席在青岛检阅了海军　舰队，这标志着中国人民解放军成立了。伴随状语

in april,2009.president hu inspected the warships in qingdao,___the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.

A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked

 

选A.

7.获胜一方的粉丝们把帽子高高地抛向空中，发出胜利的欢呼声。伴随状语。

___their hats into the air,the fans of the wining team let out loud shouts of victory.

A.to throw B.thrown C.throwing D.being thrown      

 

选C.

8.我的妹妹，一个骑自行车的生手，被发现正坐在自行车上找平衡。伴随状语。

My sister,an inexperienced rider,was found sitting on the bicycle ___to balance it .

A,having tried B.trying C.to try.D tried           

 

选B

9.他正忙着写故事，偶尔停下来吸支烟。伴随状语

he was busy writing a story,only ___once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A.to stop B.stopping C.to have stopped D.having stopped.选B.

10.那位明得走下舞台，向她疯狂的粉丝们挥手致意，动作十分

 

优雅。伴随状语。The pop star walked out of the stage,_____her hands elegantly to her crazy fans

A.waving B.was waving C.waved.D.to wave.

 

选A.

11.我走出了剧院，决心再也不来这个鬼地方。伴随状语。

I walked out of the cinema,____I’d never come back to this hell of a place.

A.determining B.decided C.to determine D.to decide.

 

选A.

12.他坐在那里听着她在爬楼梯。第一空作伴随

He sat ______to her ____the stairs.

A.to listen,to climb B.listening,to climb.

C.listening,climbing D.listening,to climbing.

 

选C.

13.船长平静地把我们喊到一起。通知我们在船下沉之前只留下必需的物品。伴随状语。还有that 引导的同位语从句。

_____us calmly together,our captain made an announcement ____we must save only essential supplies before the ship sank.

A.calling that b ,to call.that

c,calling ,which d,to call.which

14.秘书工作到深夜，为总统或校长准备一篇发言稿。伴随状语

the secretary worked late into the night,___a long speech for the president.

A.to prepare B preparing C.prepared D.was preparing.

 

选　B

 

同类句子

他坐在扶手椅里读报纸。

He sat in the armchair,reading a newspaper.=he sat in the armchair ,and read a newspaper.

他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。

All right long he lay awake,thinking of the problem.=All right long he lay awake,and was thinking of the problem.

15.难道你不会读吗？他生气地指着布告牌说道。伴随状语

can't you read? he said ___to the notice.

A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily

C.angrily pointed.D.and angrily pointing

1.he sent me an e-mail,____to get further information

A.hoped B.hoping C.to hope d.hope

2.go and get some fish air!you've been sitting there __all the morning.

A.having read B.to read C.reading D read

3.A little boy stood by the roadside,____loudly.

A.cry B cried C.crying D.to cry

4.they went out of the hall,___.

A.talks and laughs B.talking and laughing C.talking and laugh D. talk and laughing

5.the wounded girl looked at me and cried harder and harder leaned against the wall.

leaned.改为leaning

16.他一边朝窗外，一边说：“这样的天气我们是不能外出的。

伴随状语

we can't go out in this weather.said Bob,__out of the window.

A.looking B .to look C.looked D.having looked.

 

选A.

17.你不能抓到我，她喊着，跑开了。

you can't catch me~!she shouted ,____away.

A.run B.running Cto run D.ran

选B

18.he didn't mind what we were doing ,as long as we were

together,____fun.

A.had B have C.to have D.having

爸爸并不介意我们在做什么，只要我们在一起玩得开心就行了。伴随状语