加载中…同位语从句讲解
(2014-03-18 15:42:46)
标签：
同位语从句教育 |
分类： 各类从句 |
当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如：
The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。
He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。
注意：同位语从句中whether/that为连词，无意义，只起引导从句的作用，不在从句中充当成分，也不可省略。
二．同位语中应注意：
1.
He sent us a message that he won’t come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。
There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。
2.
He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。
Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。
三、同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1.
We heard the news that our team had
won.
They were worried over the fact that
you were
sick.
The news that we are having a
holiday tomorrow is not
true.
I’ve come to the conclusion that it
was unwise to do
that.
The fact that the money has gone
does not mean it was
stolen.
He referred to Copernicus’ statement
that the earth moves round the
sun.
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：
They were faced with the demand that
this tax be
abolished.
They expressed the wish that she
accept the
award.
There was a suggestion that Brown
should be dropped from the
team.
The suggestion that the new rule be
adopted came from the
chairman.
The resolution that women be allowed
to join the society was
carried.
I can understand their eagerness
that you should be the main
speaker.
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如：
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the
impression he was boarding the Tokyo
plane.
2.
There is some doubt whether he will
come.
Answer my question whether you are
coming.
The question whether it is right or
wrong depends on the
result.
We are not investigating the
question whether he is
trustworthy.
【注意】whether
3.
1. Have you any idea what time it
starts?
2. I have no idea
when/why/where/whether…
3. Then I had no idea what a casino
was.
4.
I have no idea when he will come
back.
It is a question how he did
it.
He had no idea why she
left.
You have no idea how worried I
was.
四．选择引导词的注意事项：
同位语从句的引导词最常用的引导词
用以引导同位语从句的最常用的连词是that。如：
The news that we are having a
holiday tomorrow is not
true.
The idea that you can do this work
without thinking is
wrong.
有时也可以用whether、连接代词或连接副词等来引导。如：
It is a question how he did
it.
Do you have any idea where he
lives?
She had no idea why she thought of
him
suddenly.
We are not investigating the
question whether he is
trustworthy.
■
表示“是否”的whether可以引导同位语从句，但是与之同义的if不能用于引导同位语从句。名词性从句都只能用whether引导，不能用if引导。如：
他是否会来还不一定。
误：There is some doubt if he will come.
正：There is some doubt whether he will come.
让我们来讨论是否该做的问题吧。
正：Let’s discuss the question if we should do it.
正：Let’s discuss the question whether we should do it.
■
大家知道，在定语从句中，若先行词为指事物的名词，有时既可用that来引导定语从句，也可用which来引导定语从句，但在同位语从句中，习惯上要用that，而不用which。如：
我坚信他会获胜。
误：I hold a firm belief which he will win.
正：I hold a firm belief that he will win.
我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
误：I've come to the conclusion which it was unwise to do that.
正：I've come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.
■
what不能用于引导定语从句，但可以引导同位语从句，尤其用于idea之后。如：
Have you any idea what time it
starts?
I didn’t have the faintest idea what
you
meant.
Do you have any idea what it means
to be
poor?
五．同位语从句和定语从句相似点：
1. 从句前都有一个先行词
3. 同位语从句和定语从句结构相似，通常位于某一名词或代词后面，但两者存在明显区别： 同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明，是该名词性成分具体内容的体现(相当于名词的作用)。 that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分，但不能被省略， 同位语从句还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)，定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语，充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。注意体会以下四组例句：
(1) 第一组例句：
① We can’t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light.我们解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。
(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容，属于同位语从句)
② I can’t remember the problem that they have.我记不得他们的问题了。
(引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语， the problem的具体内容也没有得到说明，故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句)
(2) 第二组例句：
① I won’t believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他对母亲撒谎的事实。
(that引导同位语从句对fact的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)
② I won’t believe the fact (that) he told me.我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。
(that引导定语从句对fact进行限定， that在该从句中充当宾语)
(3) 第三组例句：
① The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。
(that引导同位语从句对news的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)
② The news that he
t
(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news，第二。个that引导表语从句)
(4) 第四组例句：
① We have no idea at all where he has gone.我们根本不知道他去哪里了。
(where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容)
② That’s the place where he was born.那是他出生的地方。
六.
同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面：
1）．意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We are glad at the news that he will
come.
We are glad at the news that he told
us.
2)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea,
news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion,
truth等包含什么内容的名词。而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。
I
I’ll
We
The
他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句)
3)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容；而定语从句是对先行词—名词的限制、描绘或说明。
4)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略；当删掉that时，从句是一个完整的独立的句子，不缺少任何句子成分的句子。而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。
5)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how,
whether引导；而同位从句可以用what,
6)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。
This is the fact that he is always telling lies.
=The fact is that he is always telling lies.
七．同位语从句与that引导的定语从句
1) 从先行词看
同位语从句与名次之间在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的关系。该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。例如：
They were delighted at the news that their team had won.
The news was that their team had won.
2) 从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词，that不可省略；that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分--主语或宾语，有具体词义，作宾语时还可以省略。
The factory (that) we visited yesterday is a chemical one.
The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.
3) 同位语从句的简易判断方法
同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的同位语关系。所以，可以在名词从句之间加系动词be，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑，句子通顺，则原句为同位语从句；定语从句是不能够用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。
The belief that the earth is flat is still held in some countries.
The belief is that the earth is flat.
能用于名词性从句的名词有：ability, patience, anxiety, answer, order, report, wish, decision, suggestion, belief, doubt, fact, hope, message, news, promise, question, reply等等。
八、关于分离同位语从句
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如：
The story goes that he beats his
wife.
The news got about that he had won a
car in the
lottery.
The rumour spread that a new school
would be built
here.
Report has it that the Smiths are
leaving
town.
The thought came to him that maybe
the enemy had fled the
city.
The order soon came that all
citizens should evacuate the
village.
总结
同位语从句关键应注意下列几点：
但随着与其同位的名词的不同，也可由whether, when, which, who, how, what,why等引出。如：
The question , whether we need it , has not yet been considered
我们是否需要它，这个问题还没有被考虑。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何时回来。
I have no idea which dictionary is hers.
我不知道哪本词典是她的。
答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中充当任何成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
析：答案为B。 that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
［考题1］ There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A.
that
［答案］ A
［解析］下划线处引导chance的同位语从句，说明可能性的具体内容， 应填入that。
［考题2］ Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ____ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A.
why
［答案］ B
［解析］ “he had to meet his uncle at the air port”本身是完整的陈述句，用以说明reason的具体内容，应用that引导该同位语从句。
［考题3］ Doris’ success lies in the fact ____ she is cooperative and eager to learn from others.
A.
which
［答案］ B
［解析］ fact后面通常由that引导同位语从句， that后接完整的陈述句说明fact的具体内容。题意为：她的成功决定于她非常愿意与别人合作并且向别人学习。
［考题4］ A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A.
if
［答案］ C
［解析］ “I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday”本身是完整的陈述句，用以说明thought的具体内容，应用that引导该同位语从句。
［考题5］ Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A.
which
［答案］ B
［解析］陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句，引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分，有这样用法的引导词只能是that。本题中that引导的名词性从句“that he would visit me this coming Christmas”是说明promise具体内容的同位语从句。
［考题6］ ____ is no possibility ____ Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A.
There;
that
C.
There; whether
［答案］ A
［解析］第一个下划线处应填入表存在的句型的引导词there，第二个下划线处应填入that引导说明possibility的具体内容。“There is no possibility that ...”意为“没有……的可能性”， 又如： There is no possibility that you will work abroad. 你没有去国外工作的可能。
［考题7］ There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private ears ____ road conditions need ____.
A. that; to be improved
C. where; improving
［答案］ A
［解析］第一个下划线处应填入that引导说明problem的具体内容，第二个下划线处应填入表被动动作的to be improved。注意：本题中problem的同位语从句that road conditions need to be improved与problem之间由problem的后置定语involved in the popularity of private ears进行了分隔。
［考题8］ Do you have any idea ____ is actually going on in the classroom?
A.
that
［答案］ B
［解析］说明idea具体内容的同位语中缺少表示“什么是……？”的疑问主语，应选用what， 引导idea的同位语从句。
巩固性练习：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A.
that
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A.
that
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A.
what
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A.
which
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when B.
that
6. I’ve come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won’t be held tomorrow.
A.
if
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when B.
which
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A.
which
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient’s fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A.
that
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A.
whether
Key: 1-5
AABBA
本章补充强化训练题
1. — Where is Jack?
— He is ____ you told him to go.
A. where B. which C. what D. 不填
2. The difficulty we now meet with is ____ we can persuade him to tell the truth.
A. whether B. that C. what D. how
3. America was ____ was first called “India” by Columbus.
A. what B. where C. the place D. there
4. After ten years, he changed a lot and looked different from ____ he used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
5. The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love and death. One could increase the number — add breathing for instance — but these five are the most obvious. Let us ask ourselves ____ our lives.
A. they play in what part
C. what part they play in
6. My hometown is quite different from ____ before.
A.
that it
was
7. ____ is ____ the students to find out the meaning and the usage of new words.
A. What a dictionary does; help
C. How a dictionary does; help
8. ____ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
A.
Whatever
9. You can choose ____ book you like among these.
A.
no matter what
10. You can take ____ much you want and ____ you want to.
A. Whatever; when
C. however; whatever
11. Was it at the very beginning ____ Mr. White made the decision ____ we should send more fire’fighters there?
A.
when; which
C.
when;
so
12. ____ a plan to deal with it is important.
A. What we should work out
C. That we should work out
13. ____ the boss said at the meeting isn’t true astonished all of us.
A.
That
14. ____ comes back first is supposed to win the prize.
A.
Anybody
15. The reason ____ I plan to go is ____ she will be disappointed if I don’t.
A.
that;
because
16. — I fell off my horseback and broke my leg yesterday.
— Is that ____ you drank too much?
A. why B. how C. because D. when
本章补充强化训练题参考答案
1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.D 10.C
11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.C
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