枉凝眉
Hope Betrayed
One was a flower from paradise,
One a pure jade without spot or stain.
If each for the other one was not intended,
Then why in this life did they meet again?
And yet if fate had meant them for each other,
Why was their earthly meeting all in vain?
In vain were all her sighs and tears,
In vain were all his anxious fears:
All,insubstantial,doomed to pass,
As moonlight mirrored in the water
Or flowers reflected in a glass.
How many tears from those poor eyes could flow,
Which every season rained upon her woe?
霍克斯翻译林黛玉的“咏海棠花”,倾注了巨大的虔诚和才华,这个性情男人,竟然用英语的一个句子,翻译了黛玉的整首诗,中文的七律,变成了英文的“一句”诗,不仅中国人闻所未闻,就是英国翻译界,也罕有如此率性无羁的翻译先例。
Beside the half-raised blind,the half-closed door,
Crushed ice for earth and white jade for pot,
three parts of whiteness from the pear-tree stolen,
One part from plum for scent(which pear has not)-
Moon-maidens stitched them with white silken thread,
And virgins' tears the new-made flowers did spot,
Which now,like bashful maids that no word say,
Lean languid on the breeze at close of day.
一个完美的英文长句,竟然包涵了中国一首绝妙的七律,以才华对撞才华,以虔诚敬奉我们的绛珠仙子,这一段翻译,有情,有意,中文七律本是两行泪,英文诗则似是泪水流淌,富有高度的形式美,一气呵成。首先,译作以door、pot、no、spot为韵,say和day为韵,虽然中文七律是一韵到底,原诗用盆、魂、痕、昏为韵,但英文诗只有打油诗或喜剧中才会出现“一韵到底”,所以,作为一首严肃的英文诗歌,还是要变韵的,虽然,变韵了,但是say和day,这两个长元音构成了一种浑厚悠长,绕梁三日的音韵效果,极为悠远、哀戚,特别符合林妹妹在结尾坐困黄昏中的无限惆怅。所以,霍克斯的英文译作,如歌如诉,我们不妨轻轻诵读,真是抑扬顿挫,节奏舒缓,直至结尾,余韵袅袅、挥之不去。
译作不仅在音律方面不亚于原作,而且,诗歌的形式也让人惊叹,大家看前面六行,这是一组圆周句,形式工整,前六行,景物一一扑面而来,峰回路转,柳暗花明,极具视觉冲击力,把原诗中的绚烂、美丽,在饱满的诗潮跌宕中,淋漓尽致地铺陈出来,前面是状语,主句在后面才豁然出现。
难得的是,霍克斯品到了颦儿的“泪”,懂了颦儿的“泪”,译文中,以virgins' tears,画龙点睛般地为西方读者传递了这首诗的诗境,颦儿的这首诗,既咏物,又寄怀,花人合一,而霍克斯注意到了不仅要把景物引介给西方读者,还要把景物背后所寄托的情感,准确无误地传递给西方读者,他做到了,他把中文七律变成英文“一句诗”,文胆滔天,又能描物咏情,音律和艺术表现,臻于尽善尽美。
翻译,也是一种创作,翻译家不是语言工匠,而是语言的转换大师,霍克斯运用惊世骇俗的艺术方式,用内心,用自己的虔诚,与300年前的林妹妹“诗歌相会”,海棠花下一段神交,他成功了,海棠花是林妹妹的,也是霍克斯的,是中国人的,也是英语世界读者的。
中国的男性文人,能够与林黛玉“诗情对话”的,三百年来罕见。我们能做的,是解读林妹妹的海棠花泪,而霍克斯却用自己的民族语言,品人,品花,品泪,一介英伦奇才,堪为黛玉之跨国蓝颜知己。
国际上最好的英文版《葬花吟》
在互联网上一搜索,就会找到一些《红楼梦》里的“葬花吟”的多种英文翻译,可惜这些翻译基本都是处于简单翻译的层面,翻译曹雪芹的黛玉《葬花吟》首先必须要寄托于《红楼梦》的翻译中,对《红楼梦》的整体文化内涵和语言艺术要有通透的把握,《葬花吟》和一般诗歌不一样,她是小说情节的一部分,对人物刻画非常重要。其次,《葬花吟》的意境,是小说意境的一部分,有自己的特性,也有整体小说的风貌,这就决定了她的翻译,必然要达到“信、达、雅”的第三点“雅”,通过诗歌能够感受小说,因此,《葬花吟》是这样的一首诗——小说的诗,诗的小说。第三,也是非常重要的,就是要有艺术性,翻译作品为了忠于原著,往往会丧失一些艺术性,但是,一味的强调语言的精准,就会过犹不及,《红楼梦》毕竟是文学小说,她尽管包含着巨大的思想和文化价值,但是,她毕竟不是依靠思想性和文化性来流传的,她的核心还是文学性。
英国著名翻译家霍克斯翻译的“葬花吟”,是最贴合原著的精神内核,是目前可以见到的最好的《葬花吟》英文译本,她生动地再现了黛玉葬花的美妙意境。下面是每句中英文比照:
花谢花飞花满天
The blossoms fade and falling fill the air,
红消香断有谁怜?
Of fragrance and bright hues bereft and bare.
游丝软系飘春榭
Floss drifts and flutters round the Maiden`s bower,
评析:榭,是指筑在台上的房子,而非凉亭bower,不过,榭是中国传统建筑样式,用bower虽然不准确,到也是容易让西方读者理解和接受。
落絮轻沾扑绣帘;
Or softly strikes against her curtained door.
评析:也许译者是为了押韵,将“绣帘”译成curtained door,让人感到无从理解。
闺中女儿惜春暮,
The Maid ,grieved by these signs of spring`s decease,
愁绪满怀无释处;
Seeking some means her sorrow to express,
手把花锄出绣闺,
Has rake in hand into the garden gone,
评析:rake 是耙子,不是锄头。
忍踏落花来复去?
Before the fallen flowers are trampled on.
评析:trample on 是践踏的意思,在这里,漏译了一个重要的情怀“不忍”,黛玉拿着花锄走出绣闺,看到遍地落花,不忍踩花而行,这个“不忍”之情,非常重要的一个心理描写。
柳丝榆荚自芳菲,
Elm-pods and willow-floss are fragrant too;
不管桃飘与李飞;
Why care,Maid,where the fallen flowers blew?
桃李明年能再发,
Next year ,when peach and plum-tree bloom again,
明年闺中知有谁?
Which of your sweet companions will remain?
三月香巢已垒成,
This spring the heartless swallow built his nest
梁间燕子太无情!
Beneath the eaves of mud with flowers compressed.
明年花发虽可啄,
Next year the flowers will blossom as before,
却不道人去梁空巢也倾。
But swallow ,nest ,and Maid will be no more.
一年三百六十日,
Three hundred and three-score the year`s full tale:
风刀霜剑严相逼;
From swords of frost and from the slaughtering gale
明媚鲜妍能几时,
How can the lovely flowers long stay intact,
一朝飘泊难寻觅。
Or, once loosed,from their drifting fate draw back?
花开易见落难寻,
Blooming so stead fast ,fallen so hard to find!
阶前闷杀葬花人;
Beside the flowers`grave,with sorrowing mind,
独倚花锄泪暗洒,
The solitary Maid sheds many a tear,
洒上空枝见血痕。
Which on the boughs as bloody drops appear.
评析:独倚花锄泪暗洒,洒上空枝见血痕。此句,翻译者译得很好,意境圆满,不过,英文译本在此,加一个注释就好了,因为,黛玉在此处用典,湘妃哭舜,泣血染竹,竹成斑,因为,黛玉号“潇湘妃子”,所以,自处是黛玉在此表达自己的万分悲痛。湘妃哭竹,这个故事需要点透。
杜鹃无语正黄昏,
At twilight ,when the cuckoo sings no more,
荷锄归去掩重门;
The Maiden with her rake goes in at door
青灯照壁人初睡,
And lays her down between the lamplit walls,
冷雨敲窗被未温。
While a chill rain against the window falls.
为奴底事倍伤神,
I know not why my heart`s so strangely sad,
半为怜春半恼春:
Half grieving for the spring and yet half glad:
怜春忽至恼忽去,
Glad that it came ,grieved it so soon was spent.
至又无言去不闻。
So soft it came ,so silently it went!
昨宵庭外悲歌发,
Last night ,outside ,a mournful sound was heard:
知是花魂与鸟魂?
The spirits of the flowers and of the bird.
评析:“知是”,哪里知道,表示疑问,哪里能知道是花魂,还是鸟魂?此句显然有所误解,以为既有花魂,又有鸟魂。
花魂鸟魂总难留,
But neither bird nor flowers would long delay,
鸟自无言花自羞;
Bird lacking speech,and flowers too shy to stay.
愿奴胁下生双翼,
And then I wished that I had wings to fly
随花飞到天尽头。
Across the sky to the world`s farthest end,
天尽头,
Across the sky to the world`s farthest end,
何处有香丘?
The flowers` last fragrant resting-place to find.
评析:香丘,是花冢。此处,翻译成fragrant resting-place,散发着芬芳气息的休息处,显然是绝妙之译!美不胜收!
未若锦囊收艳骨,
But better their remains in silk to lay
一抔净土掩风流;
And bury underneath the wholesome clay,
质本洁来还洁去,
Pure substances the pure earth to enrich,
强于污淖陷渠沟。
Than leave to soak and stink in some foul ditch.
尔今死去侬收葬,
Can I,that these flowers` obsequies attend,
未卜侬身何日丧?
Divine how soon or late my life will end?
侬今葬花人笑痴,
Let others laugh flower-burial to see:
他年葬侬知是谁?
Another year who will be burying me?
试看春残花渐落,
As petals drop and spring begins to fail,
便是红颜老死时;
The bloom of youth,too,sickens and turns pale.
一朝春尽红颜老
One day,when spring has gone and youth has fled.
花落人亡两不知!
The Maiden and the flowers will both be dead.
评析:花落人亡的意境,译者充分把握,不过,“两不知”的含义却忽略了,是一个遗憾。
英文版《葬花吟》(《The story of the stone》霍克斯)全文:
The blossoms fade and falling fill the air,
Of fragrance and bright hues bereft and bare.
Floss drifts and flutters round the Maiden`s bower,
Or softly strikes against her curtained door.
The Maid ,grieved by these signs of spring`s decease,
Seeking some means her sorrow to express,
Has rake in hand into the garden gone,
Before the fallen flowers are trampled on.
Elm-pods and willow-floss are fragrant too;
Why care,Maid,where the fallen flowers blew?
Next year ,when peach and plum-tree bloom again,
Which of your sweet companions will remain?
This spring the heartless swallow built his nest
Beneath the eaves of mud with flowers compressed.
Next year the flowers will blossom as before,
But swallow ,nest ,and Maid will be no more.
Three hundred and three-score the year`s full tale:
From swords of frost and from the slaughtering gale
How can the lovely flowers long stay intact,
Or, once loosed,from their drifting fate draw back?
Blooming so steadfast ,fallen so hard to find!
Beside the flowers`grave,with sorrowing mind,
The solitary Maid sheds many a tear,
Which on the boughs as bloody drops appear.
At twilight ,when the cuckoo sings no more,
The Maiden with her rake goes in at door
And lays her down between the lamplit walls,
While a chill rain against the window falls.
I know not why my heart`s so strangely sad,
Half grieving for the |