36. Diction(措词)

A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.
37. Dissonance(不协和音)

A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.
38. Emblematic image(象征比喻)

A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.
39. Epigraph(题词)

      A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.

40. Epilogue(收场白)

A short addition or conclusion at the end of a literary work.
41. Epitaph(碑文)

An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.
42. Epithet(称号)

A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something.
43. Exemplum(说教故事)

      A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.
44. Exposition(解释说明)

(1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information is revealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of a play in which important background information is revealed to the audience.

45. Fable(寓言)

A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral.

46. Figurative language(比喻语言)

Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists of such figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron(矛盾修饰法), personification, simile, and synecdoche.

47. Figure of speech(修辞特征)

A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things.

48. Foil(衬托)

A character who sets off another character by contrast.
49. Foot(脚注)

It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.
50. Hyperbole(夸张)

A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement, for special effect.
51. Iamb(抑扬格)

It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.

52. Image(影像)

We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.

53. Incremental repetitio(递增重复)

      The repetition of a previous line, or lines but with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads.

54. In medias res(中间部分)

      A technique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously. In medias res is Latin for “in the middle of things”.

55. Inversion(倒置)

The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion to create a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.

56. Invocation(祈祷)

At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.
57. Kenning(代称)

In Old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that describes persons, things, or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.

58. Melodrama(通俗剧)

A drama that has stereotyped characters, exaggerated emotions, and a conflict that pits an all-good hero or heroine against an all-evil villain. The good characters always win and the evil ones are always punished. Also, each character in a melodrama had a theme melody, which was played each time he or she made an appearance on stage.

59. Metaphor(暗喻)

A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.

60. Metonymy(转喻)

A figure of speech in which something very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for or suggest the thing itself.

61. Miracle play(奇迹剧)

A popular religious drama of medi England. Miracle plays were based on stories of the saints or on sacred history.

62. Motif(主题)

A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature.

63. Motivation(动机)

The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character’s behavior. To make a story believable, a writer must provide characters with motivation sufficient to explain what they do. Characters may be motivated by outside events, or they may be motivated by inner needs or fears.

64. Multiple Point of View(多视角)

It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.

65. Narrator(叙述者)

One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.

66. Nonet(九??)

the nine-line stanza. Spenserian stanza: ababbcbcc.

67. Nonfiction(写实文学)

It refers to any prose narrative that tells about things as the actually happened or that presents factual information about something. The purpose of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person’s life. Writers of nonfiction use the major forms of discourse: description (an impression of the subject); narration (the telling of the story); exposition (explanatory information); persuasion (an argument to influence people’s thinking). Forms: autobiography, biography, essay, story, editorial, letters to the editor found in newspaper, diary, journal, travel literature.

68. Novel(小说)

A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.
69. Octave(八行体诗)

the eight-line stanza. 2 quatrains/ 2 triplets + 1 couplet.
70. Onomatopoeia(拟声法构词)

The use of a word whose sound in some degree imitates or suggests its meaning.
71. Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)

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a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words.

72. Paradox(自相矛盾)

A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.
73. Parallelism(平行)

(a figure of speech) The use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning. Parallelism is a form of repetition.

74. Pathos(哀婉)

The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character. The term is usually used to refer to situations in which innocent characters suffer through no fault of their own.

75. Persuasion(说服)

It’s the type of speaking or writing that is intended to make its audience adopt a certain opinion or perform an action or do both. Persuasion is one of the major forms of discourse.

76. Pictorialism(图像)

It’s an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects. Among its features are irregularity of line, contrast or enchantment of light, color and image. Other means of pictorialism include personification, juxtaposition and the matching of colors with verbs of action.

77. Pre-Romanticism(先浪漫主义)

      It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medi times.

78. Protagonist(正面人物)

The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.

79. Psalm(圣歌)

A song or lyric poem in praise of God.

80. Psychological Realism(心理现实主义)

It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.

81. Pun(双关语)

The use of a word or phrase to suggest tow or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.
82. Quatrain(四行诗)

Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain may also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba, or abcb rhyme scheme.

83.Quintain(五行诗)

the five-line stanza.
84. Refrain(叠句)

A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.

85. Rhythm(韵律)

It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.

86. Scansion(诗的韵律分析)

The analysis of verse in terms of meter.

87. Septet(七重唱)

the seven-line stanza. Chaucerian stanza: ababbcc.
88. Sestet(六重唱)

      the six-line stanza. 3couplets/ a quatrain + a couplet/ 2 triplets.
89. Setting(背景)

The time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem occur. Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme. Often, setting and character will reveal each other.

90. Short Story(短篇小说)

A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view, and style.

91. Simile(明喻)

(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.

92. Skaz

It’s a Russian word used to designate a type of first person narration that has the characteristics of the spoken rather than the written word. In this kind of novel, the narrator is a character who refers to himself as “I” and addresses the reader as “you”. He or she uses vocabulary and syntax characteristic of colloquial speech, and appears to be relating the story spontaneously rather than delivering a carefully constructed and polished written account.

93. Song(歌)

A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. In expresses a simple but intense emotion.

94. Speech(说话能力)

It was defined by Aristotle as the faculty of observing all the available means of persuasion.
95. Spondee(扬扬格)

      It consists of two stressed syllables.
96. Sprung Rhythm

A term created by the poet Gerard Manley Hopkins to designate a variable kind of poetic meter in which a stressed syllable may be combined with any number of unstressed syllables. Poems with sprung rhythm have an irregular meter and are meant to sound like natural speech.

97. Stereotype(老套模式)

A commonplace type or character that appears so often in literature that his or her nature is immediately familiar to the reader. Stereotypes, also called stock characters, always look and act the same way and reveal the same traits of character.

98. Style(风格)

An author’s characteristic way of writing, determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of the sentences to one another.

99. Suspense(悬念)

The quality of a story, novel, or drama that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.

00. Synecdoche(举隅法)

A figure of speech that substitutes a part for a whole.
01. Tone(格调)

The attitude a writer takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience. The tone of a speech or a piece of writing can be formal or intimate; outspoken or reticent; abstruse or simple; solemn or playful; angry or loving; serious or ironic.

02. Triplet(三行联句)

The three-line stanza. Tercet: aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on; terza rima: aba, bcb cdc, and so on.
03. Trochee(扬抑格)

the reverse of the iambic foot.
04. Villanelle(维拉内拉诗)

An intricate verse form of French origin, consisting of several three-line stanzas and a concluding four-line stanza.

05. Wit(才智)

A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression. In the 18th century, wit and nature were related-nature provided the rules of the universe; wit allowed these rules to be interpreted and expressed.