91. Jacobean age(英王詹姆斯一世时期)

Referring to the reign of King James I of england, the term came from the Latin form of James, Jacobus. It is generally applied to the literature(especially drama) of that period.

92. Tragicomedy(悲喜剧)

Tragicomedy is a play in which the action, though apparently leading to a catastrope, is reveersed to bring about a happy ending.2> the typical tragicomedy concerns noble characters involved in improbable situations. Love, frequently seen as a contrast of the pure and the sensual, is the central motive of the elaborate plot, in which both hero and heroine are rescued from imminent disaster so that the play may conclude happily.

93. Comedy of manners(风俗喜剧)

Popular during the Restoration period, these plays are concerned with the manners and conventions of an artificial and “highly sophisticated” society. A hundred years later, Goldsmith and sheridan also wrote plays of the same nature.

   94. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)

      Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque,violent,mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic, originally in the sense of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.

   95. Historical novel(历史小说)

      A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic historical well before the time of writing,(often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries). And in which some attempt ih made to depict accuratelly the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper.

历史小说指故事发生在特定历史时期的一类小说,(通常相隔一代或两代,有时几个世纪),这类小说试图准确描述当时那个时期的风俗以及人的思想情况,主人公或虚构或真实,通常被置于历史冲突中,而这个事件的结局早已为读者所熟知,历史小说的开创者是沃尔特.司格特和库珀.

   96. Unitarianism(上帝一位论)

      Unitarianism is, in general, the form of christianity that denies the doctrineof the trinity. Believing that God exists only in one person, modern Unitarianism originated in the period of the protestant Reformation.

上帝一位论从总体上说是基督教的一派,反对上帝三位一体说,相信上帝只存在于一个人身上,现代的上帝一位论起源于新教改革时期.

   97. Calvinism(加尔文主义)

Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers.2>calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace.3>calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the huguenots, puritans,presbyterians, and the reformed churches.

   98. Assonance(类韵)

The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.

   99. Consonance(和音)

It refers to the repetition of identical or similar consomants in neighboring words whose vowel sounds are different in a line of poetry.

  00. Free Verse(自由体诗歌)

Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.2> free verse was originated by a group of french poets of the late 19^th century.3>their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech.4>walt whitman’s leaves of grass is , perhaps, the most notable example.

   01.Symbol(象征)

Symbol means an act ,a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol.2>the relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.

   02. Theme(主题)

Theme means t he unifying point or general idea of a literary work.2>it provides an answer to such question as “what is the work about”3>each literary work carries its own theme or themes.

   03. First-person narrative(第一人称小说)

      First person narrative is also called first person point of view. Which is used in the analysis and criticism of

fiction of describe the way in which the writer presents the reader with the naterials of the story.

   04. Harlem Renaissance(哈姆莱复兴)

Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United states during the 1920s.2> the Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile. Instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride. 3> the center of this movement was  the vast black ghetto of Harlem. In New York City.4> the leading figures are langston Hughes, James W.Johnson.etc

05. Black humor(黑色幽默)

Black humor is also known as black comedy. It is a kind of writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.it is humor out of despair and laughter out of tears.2> black humor conveys anguish and fury at conditions in which institutionalized absurdity gets the upper hand. It intends to satirize hypocrisy,materialism, racial prejudice, and above all, the dehumanization of the individual by a modern society. Black humor prevails in Modern American literature.

06. Theatre of the Absurb(荒谬剧)

The absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.2>the most original playwright of the theater of absurd is Samuel beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in a alien,decaying world.

07. Darwinism(达尔文主义)

   Darwinism is a term that comes from charles darwin’s evolutionary theory .2> Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in his image. But because they have successfully adapted to changing genetically.3> influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.

08. American Dream(美国梦)

American Dream refers to the dream of material success. In which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.2> in literature, the theme of American Dream recurs in The Great Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success.the novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.

09. Anti-novel(反小说)

A term coined by French critic J.P.Sartre. it refers to any experimental work of fiction that avoids certain traditional elements of novel-writing like the analysis of characters’ states of mind.2> the anti-novel usually fragments and distorts the experience of its characters, forcing the reader to construct the reality of the story from a disordered narrative.

10.Vorticism(漩涡派)

来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5f44307c0100dc0j.html) - 完整版名词解释-4_微酸美人_新浪博客

Vorticism is a short-lived 20th century art movement related to futurism. Its members sought to simplify forms into machinelike angularity.

   11. Metafiction(元小说)

Metafiction, fiction about fiction; or more especially a kind of fiction that openly comments on its own fiction status. The term is normally used for works that involve a significant degree of self-consciousness about themselves as fictions, in ways that go beyond occasional apologetic addresses to the reader. A notable modern example is john fowles’s The French lieutenant’s woman,in which fowles interrupts the narrative to explain his procedures,and offers the reader alternative endings.

元小说就是关于小说的小说,即小说公开开它自身的文学地位.它既沿用小说这种体裁的现实主义原则,同时又竭力破坏这些原则,它以彻底的自我观照形式,关注小说自身的虚构和纪实的过程而非其结果.著名的现代例子是约翰.福尔斯的<法国中尉的女人>,在这部小说中福尔斯就打破了小说叙事.其间穿插解释他的写作过程,让读者选择不同的结局.

   12. Parody(滑稽模仿)

It is a mocking imitation of the style of a literary work or works, ridiculing the stylistic habits of an author or school by exaggerated mimicry,parody is related to burlesque in its application of serious styles to ridiculous subjects, to satire in its punishment of eccentricities, and even to criticism in its analysis of style. In english, two of the leading parodists are henry fielding and james joyce.

是指文学作品中以讽刺嘲笑为目的的模仿，通过夸张的模仿来讽刺某个作家或流派的写作风格，戏讽常用一种严肃的风格来描述一个滑稽的主题，以它的古怪来进行讽刺。甚至是通过风格分析批评来进行讽刺，英语文学中主要的讽刺作家是菲尔丁和乔伊斯.

   13. Magie realism(魔幻现实主义)

It is a kind of modern fiction in which fabulous and fantastical events are included in anarrative that otherwise maintains the “reliable” tone of objective realistic report.the term has been extended to works from very different cultures, designating a tendency of the modern novel to reach beyond the confines of realism and draw upon the energies of fable, folktale and myth while retaining a strong contemporary social relevance.

14. Analogy(类比)

(a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.

15. Anapest(抑抑扬格)

It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.
16. Antagonist(次要人物)

 A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.
17. Antithesis(对立)

(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.

18. Aphorism(格言)

A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.
19. Apostrophe(顿呼法)

A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.

20. Argument(论据)

      A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.

21. Autobiography(自传)

 A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.

22. Ballad stanza(歌谣段)

 A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.

23. Biography(传记)

A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person.
24. Caesura(诗间休止)

A break or pause in a line of poetry.
25. Caricature(漫画)

      The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated.

26. Character(人物)

In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.

27. Characterization(性格描绘)

      the means by which a writer reveals that personality.
28. Climax(高潮)

The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.

29. Conflict(冲突)

A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.

30. Connotation(隐含意义)

All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase.

31. Couplet(对偶)

Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.
32. Dactyl(扬抑抑格)

It’s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.
33. Denotation(意义)

The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.
34. Denouement(结局)

The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.

35. Description(叙述)

It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part of autobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the use of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description.