加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:并列句与并列结构
(2020-06-17 08:32:23)
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365并列关系并列结构 |
并列结构和并列句
1)
并列结构的类型
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同，并由并列连词
(coordinator)
或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做”并列结构"
(coordinate structure)。并列结构分为不同的层次，它可以是词和词的并列：
knife
and
fork
buy
or
sell
good
but
expensive
也可以是词组和词组的并列：
a teacher
one
way
or
the
other
with strength
but
without
confidence
也可以是分句和分句的并列：由两个或两个以上并列分句构成的句子叫做并列句
The
teacher's name
is
Smith,
and
the student's name
(is)
Keith.
The
children can go with us
or
they
can
stay at
home.
This
sentence may
be
correct grammatically,
but
a
native
speaker
never
Mary
is
a
nurse, her
brother
is
a doctor,
and
her parents are both
famous
writers.
一串平行的句子，不带并列连词，但语义相关，结构相同，也可归入并列句之列。例如：
We were discussing where
to
go
for
the
holiday:
some
wanted to
go
to the seaside;
some
liked to
此类并列结构叫做“不带连词的并列结构"
(asyndetic coordination)
;
那常见的并列结构便叫“带连词的并列结构"
(syndetic
2) 并列结构和标点符号
由上述诸例可以看出，由两个以上项目构成的并列结构通常只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号连接。又例如：
There
are
five
types
of
discharge from military
service
(退役）：
honorable,
general, undesirable, bad
At diploma mills
(文凭制造厂）
throughout the states you can buy a bachelor's
degree
(学士学位）
但也有全用连词的，两个以上项目全用连词连接起来的并列结构，在修辞色彩上给人以悠闲缓慢、延续持久的感觉。例如：
Raising vegetables presents
endless opportunities for weeding
and
thinning
and
hoeing
and
相反地，有时也可全用逗号，这就在修辞色彩上给人以紧张、急促、明快、利落的感觉。例如：
Individuals
are
less toubled
by feelings
of
gu
when they
share responsibility
for things
with a
有时，在一个句子中有两个并列结构，其一全用逗号，另一全用连词，这样处理是为了达到上述两种修辞效果。例如：
In
the country
there
除了逗号，分号（；）和冒号(:)也能起并列连词的作用
一般说来，用分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示一种对比关系。例如：
Golf demands the best
of
time and space; tennis, the best
of
personal energy.
After
He was caught: behind him was a locked
door
在某些连接性状语
(Conjunct) accordingly,
furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless,
therefore等之前通常要用分号，而不用逗号，因为这些词项是副词，而不是连词。
He had worked
in
the foreign service
for
om
a running start
Pedro launched
his body into a
vigorous
acing
dive;
however,
he was about
thirty feet from the
pool
at the time.
Nations
indeed
seem to
have
a kind
of
biological
span
like human life,
from rebellious youth,
through caution,
to
decay;
consequently,
predictions
of
doom are
not
uncommon.
用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥。
A house with an aging furnace costs more than the asking price
suggests: ten dollars more a
Hijackers and
kidnappers
3) 并列结构中的插入语
不论是由两个或两个以上项目构成的并列结构，都可在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，从而使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。例如：
The
conference
on nuclear energy was attended by students from
Stanford
Donna
was
happy
with
her achievement but,
after
three days
of
intense competition,
tired from
the
Keith spends Saturday night
walking
down the street or,
when the cops are
after
him,
running
John
Frankenheimer
has
directed
action
movies
(导演动作片）
such
as
"The
Manchurian
4) 并列结构的对称组合
如果一个并列结构由四个或四个以上项目构成，常用成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。
Only
a
few cities are known as "good baseball towns"
-
Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago,
Boston,
Los
上述六个并列项目可以重新组合为三个平行的并列结构：
Only
a
few cities are known as
"good
baseball towns"
—Cincinnati
and
Det
oit
Chicago
and
又例如
Black American
writers
以上并列结构可作如下的重新组合
Black American
writers
from Frederick
Douglas
and
W.
E.
B.
Du Bois
to
Malcolm
X
and
Eldridge
5)
并列句的类型
并列结构的形式和意义，其中许多方面都适用千并列句。并列句就是由两个或两个以上并列分旬
各种并列手段连接起来的句式。连接并列分句的手段可以是并列连词
，可以是连接副词
，也可以是某些标点符号如分号和冒号。例如带并列连词的并列句：
The
signal was
given,
and
the ship moved slowly out
of
the
dock.
Being idle sometimes
is
agreeable,
but
being idle
all
the time might become monotonous.
We
must be early
or(else)
we
won't
get a seat.
When I
saw
her
in
the river I
was
frightened,
for
at that point the currents
were
dangerous.
We must run,
otherwise
we
will
be too late.
带连接副词的并列句
When
I
got
to the pub, I had a drink; then I
went
home.
He
was
angry;
nevertheless,
he listened to me.
He
says
he
is
a scholar;
however
he has three houses and drives a Rolls.
I only have an
old
car;
still it's
better than nothing.
I
am
busy today;
so
can
you
come to my place
tomorrow?
I've
advised her to be modest time and again;
yet
she's never apologized for
anything
in
he
life.
I
can't go
now. I'm too busy;
besides/moreover,
my passport
is
out
of
date.
Nancy
had lived
with
the man for a long time;
therefore
she
was
unable
to avoid an unwelcome
带分号和冒号的并列句
He didn't go downtown; he
went
swimming.
Jill
fetches
water
every day; Jack accompanies her only on Sundays.
The student became
somewhat
confused; he could not understand
what
it
meant.
To
err
is
human; to blame
it
on the other party
is
politics
(手腕）.
Work when you work;
play
when
you
play.
This
was
no
"stitch
in
time"
;
it
was
complete
reconstruction
(这并不是”及时修补＂，而是彻底重建。）
We
decided
not to
go
on
holiday:
we
had
too
little
money.
Mother
may
have
to
go
into hospital:
she's
got
kidney
trouble.
The results
of
the
poll
(民意测验）
were
You
can't
count
on
him
to
help:
he
is
such
a selfish
man.
Bob
was
caught:
he
was accused
of
corruption.
This
year
She
didn't listen to me:
she
never
apologized
for
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