加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:否定结构
(2020-06-13 21:25:31)
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365否定结构非肯定 |
否定结构就是由否定词构成的语法结构
在系统介绍否定结构之前，我们首先要交代一下”肯定词"
(assertive word)
“非肯定词"
(non-assertive
Word)
和否定词
(negative word)
这三类词语三种词语涉及限定词、代词、副词三个词类，而且肯定词大多有与之相对应的非肯定词和否定词。
一般说来，肯定词用于肯定句；否定词用于否定句，而非肯定词则用于否定句以及带有否定意向的疑问句
否定结构除用
not,
no
以及
no-
合成词外，还可用“半否定词"
(semi-negative)
半否定词包括barely,
rarely, hardly,
scarcely,
seldom
以及带否定含义的限定词／不定代词
few /
We
barely
had time to catch the train.
The little
boy could
barely
read and speak
in
English.
I
hardly
ever go out these
days.
In
those
days
I scarcely
got any sleep.
Rarely
have I seen such a beautiful
sunset.
Little does he care whether we live
or
die. 很少在乎我们是生是死。
Hardly
anybody believes that, does
he?
Few
people
want to go
there,
1)
否宗范围
否定范围
(scope
of negation)
指否定意义在句中扩及的范围
一般说来，在否定词之后只要没有肯定词便都在否定范围以内。例如:
Nothing
was
found
in
the drawer.
I am not
否定句中的句尾状语（分句）是否在否定范围以内，在书面语中须视状语之前是否有逗号。
I didn't go to the cinema because I had seen the
film.
I didn't
go to
the cinema, because I had seen the
film.
但在口语中须视调型而定：
否定范围不仅可以延及句尾状语，有时还可能延及其他限定分句和非限定分句。
Nobody
has
promised that
any
of
you
will
be
released
yet.
That
wouldn't
deter
anyone who
had
any
courage.
I have
not
any
doubt
that
he
will
succeed.
I
am
not
certain whether
he
will
come.我不确定他是否会来。
I wouldn't
like
you
to disturb anyone.
I 'don't
like any of the songs.
(=
I like none
of
the songs.)
I
don't
like
some
of
the
songs.
(=
There
are some songs
that
I
don't
like.)
Lydia
hasn't
Lydia
hasn't
但评注性状语和连接性状语，不论出现在什么位置上，总是在否定范围之外。例如：
We
never
found
out
the truth,
unfortunately.
She
doesn't
know
him,
however.
Oddly
enough, he
hasn't
said
anything
about
it.
George was very good at arithmetic. Yet he was
never
given full
marks. 乔治善于算术。但他从未得过满分。
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