加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:比较结构
(2020-05-28 22:56:31)
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365形容词副词比较结构 |
比较结构
形容词和副词比较等级用于旬子当中便形成比较结构
(comparative construction)
英语比较结构最主要的有三种：
as
...
as
结构，
more
...
than
结构和
the
most结构。在讲比较结构的时候，还要把由某些限定词和代词的比较等级构成的比较结构包括进去
英语中有几个不定限定词和不定代词也有原级、比较级和最高级。它们是
many
/
1) ...as
...as..
这种结构的基本模式是：
as+
形容词或副词原级+
as-
分句。
John
is
as
bright
as
Bob. 约翰的智商不异于鲍勃。
John
behaves
as
politely
as
Bob
(does).
This
parcel
is
as
heavy
as
that one.
This
car runs
as
fast
as
that
one.
这种比较结构的否定形式是
John
is
not
as /
John
doesn't
behave
as /
以上否定意义还可以用
less
...
than
结构来表示。
John
is
less
bright
than
Bob.
John
behaves
less
politely
than
Bob.
但是，
less
...
than
结构在实际使用上不如
not
so / as
...
as
结构普通。由以上诸例可以看出，在带有
as
...
as
结构的句子中，通常是主句主语和
as
分句的主语不同，而比较项目相同，比如是
John，
The
girl
was
as
brilliant
as
she
was
beautiful.
(这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。）
This
swimming
pool
is
as
wide
as
it is long.
(这个旃泳池宽度和长度相等．
He
is
not
so
wise
as
he
is
witty.
(他为人凤趣，但有欠明智。）
She is
not so
witty
as
she
is
pretty.
(她相貌美丽，但不太风趣。）
也可能两个主语和两个比较项目都不同，即两个不同的人或物就不同的方面进行比较。
This swimming pool
isn't
twice
as
wide
as
that
one
is
long.
(这个游泳池的宽度并没有那个游泳池长度的两倍．）
His
uncle was
as
base
and
unworthy
as
his
father
had
been
upright
and
honourable.
(他的叔叔卑鄙龌龊，不像他父亲那样正直可敬。）
由上述诸例可以看出，当主句主语和
as-
分句主语不同而比较项目相同时，
分句总是有所省略，即通常用不完全句。但若两个主语相同而比较项目不同或者两个主语和两个比较项目都不相同，（除个别外）as-
分句便不能用省略句，而必须用完全句
more
...
than
结构也有类似的情况。
as
...
as
结构的另一种模式是：
as
much
/
many
+名词+
as-
分句，这时
many /
He took
as
much
butter
as
he
needed.
She has written
as many
essays
as
her
brother
(has).
这种结构的否定形式是：
He
didn't
take
so /
She
hasn't
written
so /
as
...
as
结构还有一个变体形式，这就是
as+形容词原级＋名词词组+
as-
分句。
George
is
as efficient
a
worker
as
Jack.
I
don't
want
as
expensive a
car
as
this.
Hardly
ever
have
I
heard
as
impressive
music
as
this
I
can't
drink
as
sweet
coffee
as
this.
这类结构显然是由
as
...
as
结构的基本模式转换而来。
George is
as
efficient a
worker
as Jack.
=
George
is
a
worker
(who
is)
as efficient
as
Jack.
I
don't
want
a
car
Hardly
ever
have
I
heard music
as
impressive
as
this.
I
can't
drink coffee
as
sweet
as
this.
以上所讲的基本模式和变体形式含义基本相同，但是读起来调核
(nucleus)
位置不同
用变体形式，调核落在名词上，从而名词的意义受到强调；用基本形式，调核落在形容词上，从而形容词的意义受到强调。试比较
I
haven't
seen
as
old
car
as
this
for 'years.
I
haven
't
seen a car
as 'old
as
this
for
years.
因此，
as
...
as
结构的基本模式和变体形式尽管可以相互转换，但在语义上却有些差别。另一个值得注意之点是，在上述变体形式中，那嵌入在
as
...
as
结构中的名词词组通常是“不定冠词＋单数名词”或者“零冠词＋不可数名词＂。至于“零冠词＋复数名词”作如此用法则比较罕见。例如
I
don't
smoke
cigarettes
as
expensive
as
these.
? I
don't
smoke
as expensive
cigarettes
as these.
(罕见）
2)
more
...
than
结构
这种结构的基本模式是：形容词或副词比较级+
than-
分句。例如：
John is
brighter
than
Bob.
John behaves
more
politely than
Bob.
This parcel is
heavier
than
that
one.
This
car
runs
faster
than
that
one.
这种比较结构的否定形式是用
less
...
than
表示：
This
parcel
is
less
heavy
than
that
one.
This
car
也可用
not
so
/
as
...
表示
This
parcel
is
not
so
I
as
heavy
as
that
one.
This
car
doesn't
run
so/as
fast
as
that
one.
如前所述，
less
...
than
结构的使用没有
not
so
/
as
...
as
结构那样频繁。有时，
less
...
than
结构听起来不够自然，在这种情况下，也可用原句中形容词或副词的反义词的比较级+
than-
分句来表示，但含义略有区别。例如：
This street is
less
wide than
that
one.
This
street is
narrower
than
that
one.
Bill speaks French
less
well than
he
writes
it.
Bill speaks French
worse
than
he
writes
it.
上述第二组第 1句的含义是，
Bill的法文写得好，说的没有写的好；而第二句的含义则是，
Bill
more
...
than
结构的另一种模式是：限定词
more /
She
has written
more
essays
than
he.
I
have
done
more
work
this
morning
than
he.
I spent
less
money
on
clothing than
my
sister.
There is
less
alcohol
in
this bottle than
in
that
one.
You
have
made
fewer
mistakes
in
your
homework
than
I
have.
There are
more
...
than
结构也有其变体形式，其中之一是：不定冠词／
冠词＋形容词比较级＋名词+
than。
My
brother
has a
larger
house
than
mine
John is
a
more
efficient
worker
than Jack.
The slaves
were
given
worse
food
than
that
for
their
master's
dogs.
以上诸例都可转换为名词词组+more
...
than
结构作后置修饰语。例如
There are men
more
intelligent
than
John.
John is a
worker
至于以下词序虽偶尔可见，却很不
John is
more
efficient a
worker
than
Jack.
more
...
than
结构的另一种变体形式是“定冠词＋形容词或副词比较级+
of-
词组”。例如：
John is the
brighter
of
the two
boys.
Of
the two
boys
John
behaves (the)
more
politely.
由上述两例可以看出，用这种变体形式进行比较都只用于两者之间的比较；在第一例中比较级前的定冠词不可省，而在第二例中比较级前的定冠词可省
这两句分别相当于：
John
is
brighter
than
the
other
boy.
John behaves
more
politely than the
other
boy.
more /
He
is
more /
less
of
a
sportsman
than
his
brother.
=
He is
more /
less
sportsmanlike than
his brother.
3)
"(the)+形容词／副词最高级＋比较范围“结构
如果是三个或
个以上的人或物进行比较，就要使用形容词和副词的最高级。例如
The
Sahara
John is
the
brightest
of
the three
boys.
Of
the three
boys
John behaves
{the}
most
politely.
He
works
(the)
hardest
of
all.
This
is
the
most
interesting
book
I
have
ever
read.
Shakespeare
was
the
greatest
English dramatist
ever
known.
由上述诸例可以看出，表示“最高级”的意义，通常都要有一个“比较范围＂
表示比较范围可以用介词词组，如
in
the world,
of
the three boys,
也可用关系分句或非限定分句，如
have
ever read, ever
A:
Six
juicy
oranges, please.
B:
These
are
our
juiciest.
有些高级结构并不是和其他事物相比，因而也不把比较范围表示出来。
Please
accept
my
deepest gratitude.
I shall do it
with
the greatest pleasure.
A:
Do
you
mind if
I open
the
window?
B:
Not
in
the slightest.
表示“最高级”的相反意义可用
the
This
is
the
least
difficult
book
I've
ever
read.
He behaved
the
least
politely
of
the three.
the
least
This
is
the easiest
book
I've
ever
read.
He behaved
the
most
rudely
of
the three.
在一定上下文中，最高级含义也可用其他结构来表示，比如用
more
...
than
结构表示：
George did
more
work this morning than anyone else.
(=
George did
the
most
work.)
This car runs
faster than
any
other
car
in
the
garage.
(=
This
car
runs the fastest
of
all
the cars
in
the garage.)
也可用
...
结构来表示
Nothing
in
my
life
shook me
so
deeply
as
my
first visit to China. (= My first
visit
to China shook me
还可用“否定词＋比较级”来表示。
I like
nothing
better.
(=
It's
the best
thing
I like.)
It
can't be
WOrse.
(=
It's the worst thing
I've
ever known.)
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