章振邦语法英语句子汉译:若干副词之语义辨析_信息流翻译观

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章振邦语法英语句子汉译:若干副词之语义辨析

(2020-05-26 20:27:28)

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365 副词语义辨析

25.3 若干副词之语义辨析

1) alternately, alternatively

这两个副词容易混淆： alternately 意为“交替＂、＂轮流”，描写两个动作或过程交替更迭或轮流发生.

She wore her red coat and her blue coat alternately. 她穿红外套和蓝外套是交替的。

We work our shifts alternately. 我们上的班是轮换的。

I studied English and Chinese novels alternately. 我研习英国小说和中国小说是交替的。

alternatively 意为”作为一种替代的方法

We can go by train, or alternatively by car. 我们可以乘火车去，或者采用另一种方式，开车去。

To spend the summer vacation, we may go to the countryside, or alternatively go to the mountains.

过暑假，我们可以到乡下去，或者采取另一种选择，到山里去．

If HOWEVER is used, BUT is not needed, or alternatively omit HOWEVER. 如果用了 however，就不必再用 but, 或者作为另一种选择，删去however。

2) altogether, all together

altogether 可作 entirely / completely 解，意为“完全地”

I do not altogether agree with you. 我不完全同意你的意见．

Your point of view is altogether different from mine. 你的观点完全不同于我的观点。

altogether还可表示“总括'、“总而言之”、"总共" :

Altogether, caution and courage are necessary. 总而言之，谨慎和勇气是必不可少的。

Altogether, no country can afford to neglect the education of its young people 总之，任何国家也不能忽视对年轻人的教育。

You will get $500 a week altogether 你每星期总共会得到500 美元。

all together 意为“全部在一起“，这个结构可以视为副词词组，但在特定语境中也可视为名词词组，如以下最后一例所示：

The students we accommodated all together on the campus. 学生们全部安置在校内住宿．

The wedding guests were gathered all together in the garden. 参加婚礼的宾客们云集在花园中。

Each organ depends on the other, and all together make up the whole. 器官与器官相互依存，所有器官在一起构成一个机体。

3) always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never

这几个频度副词都可用来回答 How often ... ? 的问题，但表示的频度大小不同 always 表示最大的频度：

She has always been easy to get along with. 她一贯是容易相处的。

He is not always at home in the evening. 晚上他并不总是在家。

always 稍低一层的频度副词包括 usually, regularly, normally, generally:

I'm not usually so late. 我并非经常这么晚。

She promised to visit he grandma regularly. 她允诺经常去看望她的祖母。

I normally go to bed at nine. 我通常时就寝．

We generally go to the seaside for our holidays. 我们通常到海滨度假。

usually 频度更低的副词有 often, frequently:

He often made unwise decisions 他时常作出不明智的决定．

He is frequently in debt. 他时常负债

often 频度更低的副词还有 sometimes, occasionally:

Sometimes we get a lot of rain in June. 有时月份雨水很多

We usually go to the seaside for our holidays, but occasionally we go to the mountains 我们通常到海滨度假，间或到山里去。

sometimes 所表示的频度更低的副词有 rarely, hardly ever, scarcely ever, seldom 等：

I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. 我很少看到这样美丽的晚霞．

I hardly ever see Mr. Brown these days. 这些天来我几乎没有看见布朗先生。

Jenny scarcely ever plays tennis now 詹妮现在很少打网球。

She seldom showed her feelings. 她很少流露真情。

表示不确定的频度副词有 never not ... ever:

I never smoke. 我从来不吸烟。

I promise you, ,he won‘t ever trouble you again. 我向你保证，他再也不会打扰你了。

4) apparently, obviously

这两个副词都可作“显然“解，但有时含义不同，用法也不同： apparently 可作 according to, appearance 解，含义是“看起来明明是这样，而实际上未必如此" :

Apparently the couple are getting divorced, but actually they depend on each other for a living. 这对夫妻看起来像是要离婚了，而实际上他们是相依为生的。

Apparently, she has had enough of the downtown area and is going to move to the countryside.

看来，她已对市区生活感到厌烦，打算搬到乡下去。（未必真的要搬）

Two apparently opposing views may sometimes both be correct. 两个表面上相互对立的观点，有时可能都是正确的。

obviously 意为 as can be clearly seen, 含义是“实际情况可能是这样”，常用以强调某种事实。

Obviously, she needs help. 显然，她需要帮助。

He is obviously drunk. 他明显是喝醉了。

He has called several times this morning; obviously, there is something very urgent. 他今天上午打来几次电话，显然是有紧急事情。

但是， apparently 有时可用于 in fact 的含义，便可与 obviously 换用：

Did she really believe this? Apparently/Obviously, she did. 她真的相信这件事吗？显然，她真相信。

I thought they were married, but apparently/obviously not. 我原以为他们已经结婚了，然而实际上并没有。

5) briefly, shortly

这两个副词容易混淆。如briefly 意为“短暂地”、"简短地”，而 shortly 则意为“时间相隔不久”。

The two men had met briefly once before. 以前这两个人曾经短暂地会过面。

They stayed there briefly to do some shopping. 他们在那里短暂停留，买点东西。

She told them briefly what had happened. 她向他们简短通报了发生的事情。

Shortly after the break I was driven back to the hotel. 休息以后不久，便有人开车送我回旅馆。

She died shortly afterwards. 之后不久，她便去世了。

I'll be with you shortly我很快（不久）就会和你在一起了。

6) especially, specially

especially =in particular, 意为“特别是"、“尤其是" ; specially = for a particular purpose, 为“特地”、“专门为了……目的"

I like the book very much, especially the first ten chapter. 我很喜欢这本书，特别喜欢它的前10章。

The black people have played a most important role in the development of South American countries, especially in Brazil. 黑人曾在南美诸国的发展中起过极其重要的作用，尤其是在巴西。

This dish is specially prepared for you. 这道菜是专门为你准备的。

I came here specially to see you. 我到这儿来是专门来看望你的。

specially, especially 还可用于 exceptionally / particularly 的含义，意为“格外地”、“异常地”，这时，可以通用：

This is a specially I especially good wine 这是一种特别的好酒。

I enjoyed the evening, but the meal wasn't specially / especially good. 这一晚我过得很开心，但是那顿饭并不特别好。

We have had a specially / especially hot summer, haven't we? 我们过了一个异常炎热的夏天，不是吗？

7) extremely, very, quite, fairly, rather, pretty, somewhat 等程度副词

程度副词作为形容词和副词的修饰语通常可起两种作用：强化和弱化比较：

The boy is intelligent. 这男孩聪明。

This boy is very intelligent. 这男孩很聪明。

This boy is quite intelligent. 这男孩相当聪明．

在第二、三两句中 very 增强了 intelligent 的意义，而 quite 则弱化了 intelligent 的意义。

如果要起进一步的强化作用，便可用比 very 更加强烈的强化词，如 amazingly, awfully, entirely, extremely, highly, perfectly, terribly, totally, unbelievably。

The forest was amazingly calm. 森林里异常宁静。

I'm awfully sorry. 我非常抱歉。

It is extremely dangerous 那是极其危险的。

He is a perfectly reasonable man. 他是一位非常通情达理的人。

The boy was terribly nervous. 那男孩万分紧张。

如果要对形容词和副词的意义起弱化作用，可用 quite, fairly, rather, pretty, nearly, relatively, somewhat, a bit, a little, hardly 等副词：

The traffic was moving pretty slow. 路上车辆行进相当缓慢。

He is a bit / a little / somewhat taller than his brother. 他比他的兄弟略高一点。

hardly 表示的“程度”几乎等于零，相当于 almost not 的含义：

I did hardly any work today. 我今天几乎没有做任何工作。

I could hardly understand his English. 我几乎听不懂他的英语。

quite (= more or less ; to some degree) 与一般的可等级形容词或副词搭配或与某些动词搭配，其所表示的“程度“比 very, very much 较弱：

On our way back, he drove quite fast. 在归途中，他把车子开得相当快。

This film is quite instructive. 这部影片相当富有教育意义。

She quite enjoys her job, but she's looking for a new one. 她相当喜欢她的工作，但她还在找新工作。

fairly， rather 作为程度副词相当于 quite 的含义，但 fairly 通常用千褒义，而 rather 却不受此限：

He paints fairly well. 他画得相当好。

She's a fairly good speaker. 她是一位相当好的演说家。

rather, quite, fairly 的语势较强，既可用于贬义，也可用于褒义：

These shoes are rather too big. 这双鞋太大了。

He is getting rather old. 他相当老了。

I'm feeling rather better. 我感觉好多了。

I rather like roast beef. 我很喜欢吃烤牛肉。

8) greatly, largely

greatly 是强化词，常用以强调某事的程度和广度：

I felt greatly honored when I was invited to give a lecture at the university. 我被邀请到该大学发表演说，感到十分荣幸。

The new policies will greatly help to improve the welfare of China's peasants. 这些新政策将会极大地提高中国农民的福利。

largely 是弱化词，意为“大致地'、“主要地" :

Their economy is largely based on tourism. 他们的经济基本上靠旅游业。

His success is largely due to luck. 他的成功主要还是靠运气。

9) maybe, perhaps, possibly probably.

这几个副词都作”也许"、”或许"、“可能“解，其中 maybe 较常见于美式英语的口语体；perhaps 也多用千口语，常见于英式英语； possibly, maybe / perhaps 同义，常在句中作插入语或近似于插入语； probably 语势最强，相当千 almost certainly, 表示“很有可能,:

Well,maybe 店， and maybe it isn't. 噢，那也许是的，也许不是。

I thought, maybe, she had not heard, so I repeated it louder. 我想，她也许没有听见，所以我又提高声音重复了一遍。

Perhaps, it is safer to say nothing. 也许什么也不说更保险。

Perhaps he was thinking of something else. 他或许是在想别的事情。

He can't, possibly, stand up to his wife. 他或许不敢顶撞他的老婆。

She was possibly the greatest writer of her generation. 她可能是其同辈中最伟大的作家。

The earth and the moon probably have a common ancestor. 地球和月球很有可能出自一个共同的祖先。

He's late: he is probably stuck in a traffic jam 他迟到了，很有可能是遇到了堵车。

10) much, very much, so much, too much, much too

much 作副词，主要是起强化作用当副词 much 与动词连用时，通常用于否定句或疑问句，而且常见于句尾：

I don't feel the cold much. 我不太感到寒冷。

He isn't in the office much. 他不常待在办公室里。

Does he come here much? 他常来这儿吗？

she enjoy the film much? 她很喜欢这部影片吗？

very much, so much, too much 在旬中也是起强调作用，其中 very much 位置比较灵活：

I very much enjoy his novels. 我非常欣赏他的小说。

I hope very much that you will be coming on Saturday. 我很希望星期六你会来。

I like the book very much 很喜欢这本书。

I'm treated so much better than Judy was. 我受的待遇比过去朱迪所受的待遇好多了。

He liked her writings as much as her personality. 他喜爱她的作品，也喜爱她的人品。

Her work has been too much ignored for too long. 她的工作长期以来太不受重视了。

much too 作为一个副词词组是用 much 来强化 too:

You're going much too fast; slow down, please 你走得太快了，请慢点。

This is much too expensive; I'd like something cheaper．这东西太贵了，我想要便宜点的。

He is much too busy to meet any visitor. 他现在很忙，不能会见来访者。

These shoes are much too small for me. 这些鞋给我穿太小了。

11) now, just now, just now 作为副词，可作“此时＇、“此刻＇解 (at this time, at present), 比如说：

My parents used to live in Suzhou, but now they live in Nanjing. 我的父母亲过去住苏州，现在住南京。

Spring is here, and the country is now beautiful. 春天来了，乡间很美丽。

在讲述故事时， now 常用于过去时结构，作“那时”、“当时＇解，相当于 at this time (in the past) :

Now Tom was 18 years old. He was old enough to join the army. 那时汤姆18 岁，已够参军年龄。

The car left the road and hit a tree; now he had to look for a garage for help. 汽车脱离车道，撞在一棵树上，那时他不得不寻找修车行求助。

just now 既可作“此刻＇解(= at this moment), 也可作“刚才“解(= a moment ago):

We are having dinner Just now. We'll come back later. 我们此刻正在用晚餐，过一会就回来。

Don't interrupt her. She is busy Just now. 别打断她，她此刻正忙着。

Paul telephoned Just now. He wants the money 保罗刚才打电话来，他要钱。

He left the office Just now. 他刚才离开了办公室。

只用 just 也可表示“刚才”，但通常用千完成体结构，而 just now 表示“刚才”则通常用千一般过去时结构。比较：

He has just gone to bed. 他刚才就寝。

He went to bed just now. (译文同上）

He has just finished his work. 他刚才完成了任务。

He finished his work just now. (译文同上）

12) presently, at present, for the present

presently 意为“很快，”相当于 soon; 还可表示“很短时间以后”，相当于 after a short time/soon afterwards, present 用于 soon 的含义时，通常出现在句尾。

The guests will be here presently. 客人很快就到。

I shall have mo to say presently. 待会儿我还有话要说。

presently 用于 shortly afterwards 的含义时，通常出现在句首

Presently, Alice appeared. 过后不久，艾丽斯露面了。

But presently he grew calmer．但是，过一会儿他就平静下来了。

presently 还可表示“现在＂，相当千 at present, 这时 presently 通常出现在句子当中，位于主动词之前。

He is presently living in New York. 现下，他住在纽约。

She is presently working on her PhD. 她现在正攻读哲学博士学位。

at present 意为“现在“，相当于 now, 通常位于句首或句尾：

At present, there is a worldwide energy shortage. 目前存在一个世界性的能源短缺问题。

I don't want to get married at present. 我现在还不想结婚。

for the present 意为“现下”、"暂时”，相当于 for the moment / for now / temporarily :

That's enough for the present. 暂时是够。

For the present, we'd better do nothing. 目下我们最好什么也不做。

We're happy living in a flat for the present / for the moment, but we may want to move to a house soon. 我们暂时住在公寓房里，但我们可能很快就要搬到独院的住宅。

13) somehow, anyhow

some how 意为“以某种方式”，相当千 in some way; 还可表示“不知什么缘故"、“不知怎么搞的＂，相当于 for some unknown reason。

I think we can manage that somehow. 我想我们会有办法处理好的。

Somehow I don't feel I can trust him. 不知什么缘故我总是觉得此人不能信任。

anyhow= anyway 意为“不管怎样”、“至少＂，相当于 in spite of this/at least :

Anyhow, I don't like it. 不管怎样，我不喜欢这东西。

Anyhow, you can try. 不管怎样／至少你可以试一试嘛。

anyhow 还可表示“不管用什么方法”，相当于 no matter in what way:

I couldn't open the safe anyhow. 我怎么也打不开这保险箱．

This problem is worth discussing anyhow you look at it 这个问题值得讨论，不管你怎样看待它。

anyhow 还可表示“随便地”、

“不经心地”，相当于 without care/carelessly:

His books were lying on the desk just anyhow. 他的书乱七八桲地堆在桌上。

He made notes anyhow across the page. 他在书页上漫不经心地作了些笔记。

14) sometimes, sometime, some time

sometimes 意为“有时＇，相当于 occasionally; sometime 意为“在某时＇，相当千 at a particular time; sometime 有时可与 some time 通用：

He sometimes writes to me. 他有时给我来信。

I hear from my sister sometimes. 我时而接到妹妹的信。

He died sometime last year. 他于去年某时逝世。

I would like to live by the seaside sometime / some time. 我很想有一天能住在海边。

但有时， some time= a period of time, 意为“一段时间”，这时便不能与 some time 换用。

15) surely, certainly

surely， certainly 都可表示对某事给予肯定，但用于不同的语境： surely 常用以应对不同的意见，说话人须对某事加以肯定。例如：

But surely, Hamo, you care about what happens to your work. 但是，哈穆，如果你的工作出了问题，你肯定不会无动于衷吧？

Academics tend to use "journalism" as a dirty word, but surely some of the best writers have been journalists.

学者们常把“新闻工作“当做一个诽谤性的词语来用，但是，无可置疑，许多著名作家都曾当过记者。

Eva Crane must surely be one of the world's best-known experts on bee keeping 毫无疑问，伊娃·克兰是世界上最著名的养蜂专家之一。

但是， certainly 常用以强调某人说的话确凿无疑（不存在什么不同的意见）例如：

He had probably been employed at Clany and he certainly worked at Vezelay.

他很可能曾受雇于克莱尼公司，而且在维泽莱镇工作过。

It's certainly not accidental spillage. 这肯定不是偶然的泄渴。

在英式英语和美式英语中， certainly 都可用以肯定某一请求，但在美式英语中，还可用 surely:

Would you agree that it is still a difficult wold for women to live in? —Oh, certainly.

He asked if he might be allowed to hear one of her records. —Why, surely, Daniel.

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