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章振邦语法英语句子汉译:形容词（词组）作名词修饰语
(2020-05-20 09:12:56)
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365形容词形容词词组名词修饰语 |
形容词（词组）作名词修饰语
形容词的主要句法功能之一是作名词修饰语。绝大多数的形容词都是既能作名词修饰语，又能作补语。这两种功能在许多情况下是能够相互转化的。
The
boy
is
intelligent.
He is an
intelligent
boy.
His
life
is
very
happy.
He
lives
a
very
happy
life.
但是，某些作补语的形容词词组转化为前置修饰语时不可按原来的“修饰语＋形容词中心词＂的次序出。
The
boy
is
not
intelligent
x
He
is
a
not
intelligent
boy.
但可以说
He is
a
not
very
intelligent
boy
又例如
The
boy
is
so
intelligent.
x
He
is
a
so
intelligent boy.
但可以说
He is
so
intelligent
a
boy.
1)
形容词（词组）的前置与后置
作为名词修饰语,形容词通常前置，但有时也可后置。作为前置修饰语，形容词在名词词组中的位置总是在限定词之后。
It
was
a
rainy
day.
如果有个属于同一层次的形容词出现在名词
心词之前，通常要用逗号隔开。
一般的词序是较长的形容词列于最后。
It
was
a
rainy,
windy,
freezing
day
在这样的结构中，
如果出现程度副词，可根据说话人的意图放置
例如：
It
was
a
rather
rainy,
windy,
freezing
day.
It
was
a
windy,
rainy,
thoroughly
freezing
day.
当名词
心词之前出现几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时
常常涉及词序问题
般按下列词序排
限定词-+表示说话人评价的形容词-+表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词---+表示颜色的形容词一表示国
别、来源、材料的形容词一表示 途或目的的形容词或分词、名词等类别词---+
名词中心词
如果出现一个
上的限定词，
它们
间的搭配关系通常是按前位、
位、后位限定词的顺序
如：
the
English church
the
old English
church
the
ha
ming
old English
chu
ch
the
town's
charming old English church
a well-known
German
cal
school
the man's
first
two
interesting
little red French
oil
pa
ng
2b2形容词也能作后置修饰语，例如在由
some,
any,
no
等构成的合成代词之后：
Have
you read anything
interesting
lately?
I'd like something
cheaper.
又例如，当修饰语本身带有不定式、介词词组等补足成分时，通常置于被修饰的名词中心词之后：
Students
brave enough to take the course
deserve to succeed.
He
is
a man
deserving
of
sympathy.
It
was a
conference fruitful of
results.
但也有在形容词词组中将形容词与其补足成分拆开的情况，就是将形容词置于名词中心词之前，而将形
容词词组的其余部分置千名词中心词之后；这主要见于形容词词组中心词为
different,
simi
lar,
easy,
cult,
impossible
时，或者为形容词的比较级或最高级形式时
例如
a
different
book
from this
one
a
difficult
problem
to solve
the
best
summering place
in
the world
一般说来，形容词用作前置修饰语或后置修饰语含义不变，例如可以说
It's
the only solution possible,
也可以说
It's
the only possible
solution,
含义相同
但也有含义改变的情况，比较：
rhe
members
present
(出席会议的；在场的）
the
present
members
(现在的）
r
he
person
resfX)nsib伦（负责的）
a
resfX)nsible
person
(可信赖的）
有些形容词在与某些名词搭配时，既可前置也可后置，但与另外一些名词搭配却只能取一个位置
例如：
the involved / concerned
/
interested party
=
the party involved
/
concerned
/
interested
但若换了个名词中心词，将
party
换成
people,
那就只能说：
the
people involved
/ concerned
I
interested
这些形容词便只能后置，不能前置
2)
补语形容词
补语形容词主要有两类
一类是表示健康状况的词
例如：
He's very
well.
You
look ill.
另一类是以前缀
开首的词（其中有些也能用作副词）
例如
The two
brothe
are very much
alike.
I was
alone
in
the house.
He
was
asleep.
Although old, he
is
very much
alive.
The
sky was
aglow
with the setting sun.
上述补语形容词一般不能单独置于名词之前作前置修饰语
例如不可以说
an
asleep child,
x
an
alive
fish
这类带
a-
的形容词一般都有一个不带
a-
的同义词可作前置修饰语
例如：
Their ambitions are
alike.--- They
have
similar
ambitions.
The
soldier
was
alone,
patrolling.
---- He
was a
lone / solitary soldier.
The animals are
alive.
--- They
are
live / Iiving animals.
The woman was
afraid.
--- I
saw
the
frightened
woman.
The children
were
asleep.-- I
saw
the
sleeping
children.
She
was
not
aware
of
the consequences. -+ Hers
was
not a
conscious / deliberate
action
我们说，上述带
补语形容词不能“单独”作前置修饰语，这就意味着，如果它们不是单独使用而是带有修饰语时，那就可作前置修饰语
大多数的带
a-
的形容词都是这样。
a
somewhat afraid
soldier
a
really alive / lively
student
3)
形容词词组与关系分句
the fast asleep
child
the
wide awake
patient
凡能作后置修饰语的形容词或形容词词组，其含义往往相当于一个关系分句。
the
members
present
=
the members
who
are present
anything
interesting
= anything
that
is
interesting
anywhere
quiet
= anywhere
that is quiet
a problem
difficult to solve
= a problem
that is difficult to solve
the boys
easiest to teach
= the boys
who
are
easiest to teach
补语形容词也能有类似功能
例如在
The
house
ablaze
is
next
door
to
me
句中，
ablaze 相当千
which
is
4)
只能作前置修饰语的形容词
有些形容词在名词词组中作修饰语，只能前置，不能后置；也不能在句中作主语补语
此种形容词可分为以下两类。
a)
表示强调或专指的形容词
a
mere
child
the
only reason
at
the
very
end
/
beginning
the
exact
answer
b)
某些来源于名词的形容词
an
atomic
scientist, woolen dress, argument, arrogance,
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