加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:不定式分句
(2020-05-10 07:36:57)
标签：
365不定式分句语义关系 |
不定式分句
当非限定动词结构出现在句中时，它便在深层结构上以主句的主语或其他名词性结构作为自己的＂逻辑主语"
(logical subject),
从而形成“主谓结构＇，这就是“非限定分句"
(non-finite clause)限定分句包括不定式分句
1)
不定式分句的结构模式
不定式分句分为不带主语、带主语和带疑问词等三种形式。
a) 不 带主语的不定式分句
所谓不带主语，指不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的，通常可以在上下文或情景中判定。
I
hope
to
be
able
to
come. 我希望能来。
.He
likes
to
be
invited. 他喜欢受到邀请。
All
she
seems
to
do
is
(to)
gossip 所有她似乎要做的是确保聊天有邻居。
I
expect
to
have
read
this
book
by
next
Tuesday.
我希望读完这本书是在下周二之前。
He
has
a large 他有一个大家庭要负担。
He
saw
no
way
out
of
it
except
to
hang
on
and
hope
for
the
best.
The
best
thing
would
be
to
tell
everybody. 最好是告诉所有人。
有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的不定式分句，其逻辑主语从内在意义上看就是说话人自己。
To be frank, I
don't
think
much
of it.
To be frank
(坦白地说）, you
need
a
great
deal
of
courage.
To
begin
with
(首先）， I
To tell
the
truth
(说实话），I
To
put
it bluntly
(和你直说吧），
that
student
is
sure
to
fail.
George
is a
very
good
boy,
to
be
sure. 乔治是个很好的男孩， 真的！
本书把上述不定式分句作评注性状语
(disjunct)
处理。
We
considered
him
to
be
a
good
officer.
这个句子是
SVOC
(主动宾补）结构，
to
be
a good
officer
的逻辑主语是主句的宾语
him,
若改为被动句则
He
was
considered
to
be
a
good
officer.
b)
带主语的不定式分句
不定式分句也能带有自己的主语，这个主语通常由
for
引导。
The
best thing
would
be
for
you
to tell everybody.
最好是你去告诉大家。
He opened the
door
for
the children to
come
in. 他开了门，让孩子们进来。
We'd
be delighted
for
you
to come
next
week.
很高兴你来的时间是下星期。
It's important
for
there
to
be
a fire-escape. 重要的是有个安全出口。
这是由
for
引导的非限定there-
存在句，
there
是语法上的主语。间或也可由
with,
rather
than
等引导。
He knew
that
with
him to help,
she could and
would
succeed.
他知道有他帮忙，她就能成功。
What's to become
of
Miss Hilary now,
with
her
mother
Rather
than
you
do
the
job
,
I'd
prefer
与其你做这个工作，我宁愿靠自己。
这里，
rather
than
是个近似并列连词
(quasi-coordinator),
后面跟不定式，位于句首用不带
to
的不定式；位于句中其他位置时，不定式带
to
或不带
to
均可，视情况而定。上句中的
do
是不带
to
的不定式。
Rather
than
Robert
drive
(不带
to
不定式）
in
his
present
state,
I'd prefer to drive him home
myself.
间或也可不用任何词语引导，而把主语直接暨于不定式之前，构成传统所说的“独立结构"
(absolute
construction) 。
We shall assemble at ten forty-five,
the procession
to
start
moving
at
precisely eleven.
The plan
was
that the
two
parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle,
the
details
c)
带疑问词的不定式分句
不定式分句还可带疑问词（又叫
wh-
词）。
I don't know
what to
do.
The question of
what to sell
is
still undecided.
间或也可以带有从属连词。
He
opened his lips
as
if
to
say
something.
2)
才定式分句的句法功能
不定式分句可在句中作主语和主语补语，作宾语和宾语补语，以及在句中作状语；还可在名词词组中作修饰语，以及在形容词词组中作补足成分。
作主语和主语补语
To
accept
the
job
would mean moving to Florida.
To
act
like
that
is childish. 搞成那样是很幼稚的。
Bruno's intention was
to win the game.
The wisest policy
is
(for us)
not
to interfere.
作宾语和宾语补语。
Sandra had learned
to swim
when she moved to San Diego.
He promised
to stop taking drugs.
Tom's greatest wish
is
to see his team win
the World Cup.
I advised him to
take a
taxi,
or
he
might be late.
关千不定式与形容词、名词、动词的搭配关系，我们巳介绍过，这里重点阐述不定式分句作状语的用法。
不定式分句作状语可表示目的、结果、原因等意义。
a)
表示目的
不定式分句表示目的，可用带
to
不定式的一般形式。
He
will
go
to the
clinic
tomorrow
to
be
examined
by
the
doctor.
=
He
will
go
to the
clinic
tomorrow
so
that he can be examined by the doctor.
She stood up
to
be
seen
better.
=
She stood up
so
that she could
be seen better.
以上
to-
不定式的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同，从而不须表示出来
如果不同，则需用
for
将主语引出，位于 to-
不定式之前。
He
stood
aside
for
her
to
enter.
=
He
stood
aside
so
that
she
could
enter.
表示目的，也可用
in
order to-
/
so
as
to
不定式表示
in
order
to
/
so
as
to
的使用场合
一是需要强调”目的＇含义；二是需要表示否定的目的。
He opened the window
so
as
to
get
some
fresh
air.
=
He opened the window
so
that
he might
get
some
fresh air.
My father got up early
in
order
to
have
enough time
to
pack.
=
My
father
got
up
early
so
that
he would
have enough
time
to
pack.
He
left
early
so
as
not
to
miss
the
last
train.
We
started early
in
order
not
to
be
late
for
the concert.
b)
表示结果
用不定式分句表示结果，可用
to
不定式的一般形式。
In
1935 he left
home
never to retum.
What a
fool
he
was
to
marry
that
woman!.
He must
have
annoyed you
very
much
for
you
to
speak
to
him
like
that.
He got to the station
only
to
be
told
that
the train
had
left.
He hurried home
only
to find that his father was
dead.
也可用
so
...
as
to, such
...
as
to,
too
...
to, enough
to
等结构表示。
His work
was
so
good
as
to
make
him
well-known in
the
city.他的工作很好，使他闻名于整个城市。
=
His work
was so
good
that
it
made
him
well-known
in
the
city.
The Italian
football
team played
so
well
as
to
defeat
the Brazilians.
=
The Italian
football team played
so
well that they
even defeated the Brazilians.
His
indifference
was
such
as
to
make
all
of
us
despair.
=
He
was
so
indifferent
that
he made
all
of
us despair.
It
was
too
cold
(for us)
to
go
out.
=
It
was so cold
that
we
couldn't
go out.
This coffee
is
too
hot (for me)
to
drink.
=
This coffee is
so
hot that
I
can't
drink
it.
It
was
cold enough to freeze
our finger.
=
It
was
so
cold that
our fingers froze / might
get frozen.
He plays the violin
well enough to
perform
at
a
concert.
=
He plays
the violin
so
well
that he can perform at a concert.
c)
表示原因
用不定式分句表示原因，通常与表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏的形容词或动词连用。
I
am delighted
to
know
that
you
have
got
a
job.
He
was
lucky
to
have
found
the
lost
child.
I
rejoice
to
hear
that
you
are
all well.
I
trembled
to
think
of
the
misfortune.
We regret
to tell
you
that
we
won't
be
able
to
attend
the
ceremony.
She
wept
to
see
him in
such
a
terrible
state.
喜欢
0
赠金笔