加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译：人称代词所有格(Case)的形态变化
(2020-03-28 19:48:49)
标签：
365人称代词格的变化 |
人称代词有格
(case)
的形态变化，这当然也涉及反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词等
英语的人称代词有三种格
主格
(subjective
case)
、宾格
(objective case)
、属格
(geniti
ve case)
。属格代词
(genitive pronoun)
又叫物主代词
(possessive pronoun),
按其语法功能分为名词性属格代词
(nominal genitive pronoun)
和限定词性属格代词
(determinative
gnitive pronoun)一般说来，人称代词在句中作主语，用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格；表示“所有＂。
She
doesn't
believe
us. 她不相信我们。
They
are
always
making jokes
about
me. 他们总是取笑于我。
His
house
is
much
larger
than
mine. 他的房子面积远大于我的房子面积。
但是事情并非都是如此简单 关于代词格的选择，情况比较复杂。
1)
主格还是用宾格
a)
人称代词在句中作主语，通常要用主格，但是，在非正式语体中，当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语动词的不完全句中作主语时，习惯上用宾格，而不用主格。
A:
Does
any
of you know
where
B:Me. 我。
What!
Me
angry？
What!
Me
(to) play him
at
chess?
No!
Me
(to)
appease
a
chap
like
him? Nothing
doing.
b）人称代词在比较分句
(comparative clause)
中作主语，用主格；作宾语，用宾格。
He
isn't nearly
as
smart
as
he
(is). 他一点也不聪明，比不过他。
I
trust you
as
much
as
her.
我信任你，就像信任她一样。
但在非正式语体中，入称代词在比较分句中作主语，也可用宾格。
She
is prettier
You are
She
is
as tall as him. 她身高和他一样。
特别是当这类人称代词带有
all,
both
作同位语时，通常都用宾格。
He
is
cleverer than
us
all.
She
is
taller than them both.
c) 人称代词在句中作主语补语时，按照传统语法，该用主格。但在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格。
If I
were
her, I
would
take the advice.
d) 人称代词在分裂句
(cleft sentence)
中作中心成分(focal
element)
时，常用主格。
It
is
he
who
did
it.
It
was
she
that
solved
the problem.
It
is
we
who
must bear the burden
of
the tax program, even though
it
was
they
who initiated
it.
但在非正式语体中，作以上用法的人称代词也可用宾格。
It
was
me
that did
it.
It
was
them
who saved
the drowning girl.
如果作以上用法的入称代词在随后的
who-
I
that-
分旬中处于宾语地位，则多用宾格。
It
was
him that I
sent
to collect the money.
It
is
her
that
we
are talking about.
e）
Nobody
but
she
can
solve
our problems.
Everybody
except
he
agreed to our proposal
但若以上主语被分隔而使
"but /
Nobody
can solve our problems
but
her.
Everybody
agreed
to our proposal
but
him.
如果
"everybody /
I interviewed everybody
but
him.
Who can solve our problems?
Whom can
we trust
at such a moment
in
history?
I
don't
know
who can solve our problems.
I
don't
know whom they finally selected.
但在非正式语体中，人称疑间代词只要在主语位置上不论作主语或宾语都可用主格。
Who did
you want
to nominate?
Who are
you
talking about?
I
don't
know who
you want
to nominate?
I don't know who
you
are talking about?
To
whom
did
you send
the parcel?
From
whom
did you receive a letter?
g)
Will you go and see Carlos,
who I
believe
will
be glad
to help
you?
She
is
a woman
who people
believe
may be the president
h) 在由关系代品 whoever引导的名词性分句（nominal clause）中，, 其 关系代词的格也是依其在分乍中的地位而定：作主唔
用主格作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格。
They always
elect
whoever is
他们选择的总是最受欢迎的！
I
will
not trust
whomever
they
will
elect.
我不会信任任何他们选上的人！
如果
whoever
是在不定式之后作补语，一般用宾格。
My
sympathy
is
with
this poor man,
whomever
he
might
be thought
to
be.
2）宾格还是属格
a) 当带有人称代词作主语的关系代词
-ing分词分句在主句中作宾语时，人称代词通常用属格（或者叫物主限定词）。
I
want
to avoid
his /
I don't mind
their /
但在非正式语体中，作以上用法的人称代词也可用宾格。
I
want
to avoid
him /John
thinking that I
don't
want
to help.
I
don't
mind
them /
当带有人称代词作主语的
-ing
分词分句在主旬中作介词补足成分时，作此种用法的人称代词也是既可用属格也可用宾格，属格居多。
I told them about
your / you
resigning from office.
I am surprised at
his /
但是，当主句带有
defer,
deny,
postpone
等作谓语动词时，随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作为分句主语，这种人称代词通常只用属格，不用宾格。
He doesn't deny
his
breaking
the
agreement.
My
failure to complete the task
defered
my
going on a holiday.
上述这类
-ing
分词分句如果在主句中作主语，十之八九也用属格。
Her
driving off so abruptly
was
most unfortunate.
His
refusing to accept
the
invitation
b) 当人称代词在主句中作宾语，通后又跟有-ing分词分句作补语时，人称代词只能用宾格，不能用属格。
They caught
him
cheating on the exam.
而不能说：x
They caught
his
cheating on the
exam.
C）当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时，这种作分句主语的人称代词，通常用宾格，不用属格。
Everyone
wanted
him
to be the
leader
of the movement.
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