思想史的有限价值
(2013-10-15 20:05:43)分类: 学术话题 |
思想史的有限价值
博主按:这个博文大概会得罪非常多的同仁乃至大佬。不过,鉴于诸多青年学生和学子都特别迷“思想史”(本人的主观印象),甚至觉得思想史“高贵”得不行,所以,我觉得即便得罪些同仁,也还是有必要写这个博文,至少让大家意识到“思想史”只能干什么,不能干什么。
我特别声明:我觉得我们每一个人都要知道一些前人说过什么(当然,还有前人干过什么;历史上发生了什么事件,出现了什么结果)。因此,我们都要知道一点前人的思想。
首先,什么是“思想史(History of Thought)”。简单地说,从具体关注的问题看,思想史大致可以分为两个大的部分:1)Who said what?2) What did they mean?
显然,第一个问题(Who said what?)是纯粹的历史,只不过它关注的对象是历史中的思想。
第二个问题 (What did they mean?)其实就是hermeneutics(释经学/诠释学)。当然,很多时候,两个问题通常是交织在一起的。
对于释经学的批评,请见Bhaskar (1978)。他对广义意义上的“释经学”的批评同样适用于对History of Thought中有关“What did they mean?”批评。Bhaskar(1978)指出,“释经学”只是“从文本到文本(from text to text)”,因此很容易和重要的“社会现实(social reality)”脱节,至少无法产生基于“社会现实(social reality)”的批评(critique)。
知识的社会学(Sociology of Knowledge)。一般认为,马克思的The German Ideology(1845-46)是知识的社会学(Sociology of Knowledge)的奠基之作. 【以下是这本书的最为重要的一段话:The production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness, is at first directly interwoven with the material activity and the material intercourse of men, the language of real life. Conceiving, thinking, the mental intercourse of men, appears at this stage as the direct efflux of their material behaviour. The same applies to mental production as expressed in the language of politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc. of a people. Men are the producers of their conceptions, ideas, etc. -- real, active men, as they are conditioned by a definite development of their productive forces and of the intercourse corresponding to these, up to its furthest forms. Consciousness can never be anything else than conscious existence, and the existence of men is their actual life-process…...In direct contrast to German philosophy which descends from heaven to earth, here we ascend from earth to heaven. That is to say, we do not set out from what men say, imagine, conceive, nor from men as narrated, thought of, imagined, conceived, in order to arrive at men in the flesh. We set out from real, active men, and on the basis of their real life-process we demonstrate the development of the ideological reflexes and echoes of this life-process. The phantoms formed in the human brain are also, necessarily, sublimates of their material life-process, which is empirically verifiable and bound to material premises. Morality, religion, metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding forms of consciousness, thus no longer retain the semblance of independence. They have no history, no development; but men, developing their material production and their material intercourse, alter, along with this their real existence, their thinking and the products of their thinking. Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life. In the first method of approach the starting-point is consciousness taken as the living individual; in the second method, which conforms to real life, it is the real living individuals themselves, and consciousness is considered solely as their consciousness.】
后来的Scheler, Mannheim, Gramsci,Kuhn, 以及Bourdieu和Foucault等等都是这个工具的杰出使用者。Merton在这方面也有杰出贡献(比如,科学的社会学)。
简单地说,“知识的社会学”在确立了“who said what?”的基础上,试图回答一下两个问题: 1) why did he/she/they say that? 2) Which idea came to dominate discourse and why did it dominate? 这个时候,知识的社会学通常都会强调,某些阶级利益,出生,教育,或者更广义的社会化导致了某些人士提出或者支持某些观点。显然,从问题的水平上看,“知识的社会学”的问题要比“思想史”的问题大大提高,因为“知识的社会学”一定会涉及某些特定的社会现实对知识的创造、被选择,以及扩散等等的影响。
比如,Hirschmann的名著之一Passions and Interest;Norbert Elias的The Civilizing Process;Bourdieu的Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste也大量运用了这一个技巧(有人把Bourdieu的工作标示成“文化的社会学(sociology of culture)”)。Foucault的很多作品【事实上,Foucault的作品和Bourdieu、Elias的作品有异曲同工之妙】。但是,这些作品还运用了其他的许多技巧和知识(因而不是纯粹的思想史), 因此这些作品比起纯粹的思想史的作品更加丰满和深刻。
Normative Theory(道义理论,包含狭义一点的政治理论Political Theory):批判性地建立在前人的基础上,Normative Theory的目标是发展新的normative理论体系和doctrine。
因为Normative Theory必须建立在前人的基础上,因此,思想史是道义理论的基础之一(我们必须知道前人说过些什么,才能站在他们的肩膀上)。但是,因为思想史只是道义理论的基础之一而不是唯一基础【比如,很多时候,知识的社会学(Sociology of Knowledge)也是发展normative theory的基础或者工具之一】,因此,“思想史”不是道义理论。换句话说,道义理论不能只是赘叙前人的说法:如果只是赘叙前人的说法,那我们就又回到了“思想史(History of Thought)”。
比如,Rawls和Habermas是在做normative Theory, 而不是在做 history of thought.
相比之下,大部分从事History of Thought工作的人士都并没有试图发展新的道义理论的努力。最好也就是停留在hermeneutics(释经学)的水平上。
我个人觉得,把“思想史”和“道义理论”混淆或者等同起来,是诸多青年学生和学子都特别迷“思想史”的重要原因之一。
最后,我想特别强调,我之所以认为思想史只有(非常)有限的价值是因为:从最根本的层次,也就是从本体论的水平上,来看,真正“解释一个思想的起源(Explaining the origin of an idea)”是不可能的任务(这部分的内容是我的另一项重要研究“The Objects of Social Sciences: Idea, Action, and Outcome” 的一部分)。退一步说,“解释一个思想的起源(Explaining the origin of an idea)”是一个神经生物学(心理和生理)的问题。历史学和社会科学对这个问题的解答几乎不会有任何实际的贡献。事实上,很多时候,连我们自己都很难说清楚我们自己的某一个具体思想是怎么来的。
因此,如果你关注历史或者社会科学,你更应该去关注action(行动)和社会结果(social outcome),而不应该纯粹是ideas,尽管思想是我们行动的驱动力之一(但也仅仅是之一)。
换个角度说,如果你关注action(行动)和社会结果(social outcome),你也会关注idea(思想),但idea(思想)将不是你的唯一甚至主要关注。而如果你只关注idea(思想),那你的研究恐怕不太重要。