第五单元   归纳出带有必然性的结论

 

【单元主要内容及目标】

本单元主要讲解“在对主题和细节的理解基础上，如何根据相关事实，做出一个合乎逻辑的结论。”以帮助学生了解该技巧，并运用于实践。

 

【讲授】

问：我们应该如何应对这一类问题呢？

答：其实，这类问题并不是太复杂，只要在做此类问题之前，先认真查看一下选项，做到心中有底，再根据所提问题在文中寻找有关事实，就能根据所提供的事实做出结论。

问：有关文章细节的提问主要有哪些？

答：这类问题的常见提问句式有：

According to this passage, we can safely conclude that                .

Which of the following best describes the author’s view?

According to this passage, something can be done                .

The passage tells us (that)                .

The passage gives us a brief introduction of                .

From the passage we know that                .

It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry (excited, satisfied, …etc.) for (to do ) something                .

 

问：还有什么特别值得注意的？

答：特别值得注意的有两点：

1）读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论；

2）所作结论应符合原文作者的意图。

 

下面举例说明：

（1）

Pat O' Burke was a poor Irishman with a large family, and one morning, waking up very early from cold and hunger, he decided to go shooting in a wood near his cottage. The wood belonged to Lord Northwood, a rich gentleman, and Pat had no right to go there, but in it there were swarms of rabbits and flocks of birds that were good to eat, and Pat determined to take the risk. Suddenly he saw the owner, with a group of friends, coming towards him in the wood. There was a look of anger on Lord Northwood's face as he caught sight of the gun in Pat's hands. Pat's heart sank with fear, but he saw there was no hope of escape, so he walked boldly up to the company and said to Lord Northwood, “ Good morning, sir; and what has brought you out so early this morning?” Lord Northwood, rather surprised, said he and his friends were taking a little exercise to get an appetite for their breakfast. Then, looking at Pat with suspicion, he said, “But why are you out so early in the morning?” “ Well, sir,” said Pat, “ I just came out to see if I could get a breakfast for my appetite.” The whole crowd burst into laughter at Pat's ready wit, and with a smile Lord Northwood walked on, leaving Pat to try his luck with the rabbits. 

 

From the passage we know why there was a look of anger on Lord Northwood’s face.

A. He was not expecting Pat at this early hour.

B. He knew Pat was coming for shooting.

C. He didn't like the poor Irishman at all.

D. Pat had not told him he would come.

 

为什么Lord Northwood脸上有怒容? 首先我们要带着这个问题在文章中搜寻有关信息。通过阅读，我们发现前面四行文字都是对Pat的情况进行的描述：家里人多、贫穷、又冷又饿、早早醒来、想捕猎、但树林属于Lord Northwood，为活命，Pat于是决定冒险。尤其是下面这句话，There was a look of anger on Lord Northwood’s face as he caught sight of the gun in Pat’s hands. 我们便可做出Pat was coming for shooting的结论，正确答案为B。

 

（2）

There was a time when, if a lady got onto a crowded bus or train, a gentleman would immediately stand up and offer her his seat. Today a gentleman will probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper. Either way, the lady will have to stand until someone gets off.

You can’t entirely blame men for this change in manners. The days are gone when women could be treated as the weaker sex. A whole generation of women has grown up demanding equality with men; not just equality in jobs or education, but in social attitudes. Hold a door open for some women and you’re likely to get an angry lecture on treating women as inferiors, unable to open doors for themselves, Take a girls out for a meal and she’ll probably insist on paying her share of the bill.

It’s no wonder, then, that men have given up some of the gestures of politeness and consideration that they used to show towards women. On the other hand, man’s politeness is perhaps slowly being replaced by true consideration for the needs and feelings of women, so that men can see women as equal human beings.

 

What do gentlemen now do when a lady gets on a crowded bus or train?

  A. They will stand up reluctantly.                    B. They will offer her their seats after a while

C. They will pretend not to see her                 D. They will get off the bus.

    

本题问的是“当今社会，在女士登上拥挤的公交车上或火车上时，绅士会怎么做？”对这种题，须提醒读者注意的是：千万不要根据自己的生活经验或认识来回答，而是要根据作者所提供的信息做出合理判断。文章开始的第一句There was a time when, if a lady got onto a crowded bus or train, a gentleman would immediately stand up and offer her his seat. 是说过去绅士会立刻站起来给女士让座，接下来的Today a gentleman will probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper.才是说明如今社会的情形“朝窗外看，或者用报纸遮着脸”，正好符合题目所提出的问题，因此C“假装没看见”为正确答案。

 

（3）

When might you need to give blood for a personality(个性) test? The answer is that you need to do so when you ask for a job.

Some people believed that your blood group hides no secrets. It shows the “real you”. And the owners of certain blood groups might be particularly good or bad at certain tasks. This is the very reason why you could be asked to offer your blood group before being given a job.

 The new idea was carried out first in Japan and now it has been brought over to other parts of the world. One important business company in Japan is quite special about its needs. “For our office members, we must have 30 percent of group A and 15 percent of AB, 25 percent of O and 30 percent of B。”

Do you happen to know your own blood group? It seems that if you belong to blood group O, you can get things done and sell the goods well. Blood group A are the thinkers, while blood group B are highly creative (有创造力的). And if you have problems, ask the ABs to solve them. So if you visited the Japanese company, you would find the O types out selling goods and A types keeping order in the office.

 

This passage seems to lead you to believe           .

  A. your blood group could affect your work

B. blood types can never change your life

C. the idea about blood groups has little scientific basis

D. personality tests are exactly correct

 

本文最后一段是对文章一开头提出的问题的回应，说明为什么在找工作时，需要了解自己的血型。其中最具针对性地解释是，在日本公司“you would find the O types out selling goods and A types keeping order in the office”，由此可见，一个人的血型会影响到你的工作。因此，正确选项为A 。

 

【扩展学习】

 

Most dog owners feel that their dogs are their best friends. Almost everyone likes dogs because they try hard to please their owners. One of my favorite stories is about a dog who wanted his owner to please him.

One of my friends has a large German shepherd named Jack. These dogs are often very intelligent. Every Sunday afternoon, my friend takes Jack for a walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.

One Sunday afternoon, a young man came to visit my friend. He stayed a long time, and he talked and talked. Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor didn't leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park. He walked around the room several times and then sat down directly in front of the visitor and looked at him. But the visitor paid no attention. He continued talking. Finally, Jack couldn't stand it any longer. He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man's hat in his mouth.

German shepherds aren't the only intelligent dogs. Another intelligent dog is a Seeing Eye dog. This is a special dog that helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs Seeing Eye dogs because they are the “eyes” of the blind people and they help them to “see”. Seeing Eye dogs generally go to special school for several years to learn to help blind people.

 

Jack came to sit in front of the visitor in order to                     .

A. please him                                                      B. be pleased

C. ask him to leave immediately                            D. invite him for a walk

 

解题思路：要回答这个问题，首先要带着Jack came to sit in front of the visitor这个信息到文中找到与此相关的内容。通过阅读发现，Jack came to sit in front of the visitor是因为Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor didn't leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park… Jack 为能否去公园散步发愁，而来访者的反应却是paid no attention. He continued talking. 由此而产生的结果是Finally, Jack couldn't stand it any longer. 杰克对来访者滔滔不绝的谈话感到无法容忍，坐在他面前的目的无非是提醒他马上离开，因此正确答案为C。

 

 

 

 

第六单元   运用猜词技巧，判断词意

 

【单元主要内容及目标】

本单元主要讲解在做题时如何应对生词，同时提供一些猜测词义的技巧，帮助考生在做阅读理解题遇到生词时能够迎刃而解。

 

【讲授】

问：在做英语阅读理解时，一般会考查哪类生词？

答：阅读材料中的生词主要有两类：一类是具有新含义的熟词，即该单词虽然在以前曾学过，但在所阅读的文章中，却不是以前学过的意思，而是有其他含义，这类词多为多义词；另一类是以前从未学过的生词。

问：常用的猜测词义的技巧有哪些？

答：一般说来，主要注意抓住两个线索：一是要根据句子结构，分析句子成分，从而判断词性，还可以利用构词法，特别是利用前缀和后缀来帮助我们猜测词义。二是要依据上下文，通过前后句子之间的联系加以判断。

问：有关猜测词义的提问主要有哪些？

答：这类问题的常见提问句式有：

 

The underlined word “…” in the …paragraph means                .

The phrase “…” is sometimes used to describe something that                .

The word “…” in the … sentence means                .

“…” refers to                .

The word “…” in the passage most probably means                .

The expression “…” is closest in meaning to                .

 

（1）

Contacts (交往) between Japan and the rest of the world have grown a great deal in the twentieth century. In the last thirty years, business contacts between Japan and the West have become very important. Many foreign companies now have offices in Japan and Japanese businessmen do business around the world.

Differences between Japanese and Western ways of doing business, however, often bewilder the foreign businessman and make doing business in Japan difficult for foreigners.

The American businessman, for example, wants to start talking business immediately. He wants quick decisions. He does not wait. The Japanese, on the other hand, likes to arrive at decisions gradually after giving them a great deal of thought. Another thing foreign businessmen have difficulty in understanding is when a Japanese means “Yes” or “No”. This is because of cultural difference between Japanese and Western society which makes it difficult for a Japanese to say “No” directly.

 

The word “bewilder” in the paragraph 2 probably means                      .

A. choose                 B. praise                       C. confuse                   D. surprise

 

首先要在文章中找到这个单词，并设法理解这句话的意思，若无法从该句子中确认其意，那就要阅读前后文，看一看都交待了什么，然后把上下文的意思串起来判断该词的意思。

本文第一段的大意是：日本与外界的交流在二十世纪日益频繁，在过去的三十年里，许多西方国家都与日本有密切的生意往来。第二段中便有了bewilder一词，并且make doing business in Japan difficult for foreigners而这一切都是由日本人与外国人的处事方式大为不同而引起的。由此看来, 本句话的意思应该是“日本人与西方人在做生意的方式之间所存在的差异常常使外国的生意人很困惑，感到在日本做生意很难。”因此，答案只能选C。

 

（2）

For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the world’s greatest dramatist. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained that it was full of well- known proverbs and quotations.

 

What does the word “proverb ” mean?

   A. Familiar sayings.                             B. Shakespeare’s plays.

C. Complaints.                                     D. Actors and actresses.

 

第一段最后一句话里面包含了这个词，Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained that it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations.意思是说：很多时候，我们很可能不太清楚我们所使用词汇的来源，就像一位被带去观看哈姆雷特的老太太, 抱怨戏里都是她耳熟能详的proverbs和语录。到底是什么东西是我们所耳熟能详的呢？通过前半句所提供的信息可以推断，四个选项中只有A符合条件，因此，选项A为正确答案。

 

 

（3）

Some people cannot learn in ordinary schools. Often some physical or mental (精神的) handicap prevents a child from learning. In education today new methods are being used in special schools to help the handicapped learn.

Among many interesting schools for handicapped persons, there is one that is being set up in the southern part of New Jersey, U.S.A. It is called the Bancroft Community. Here handicapped young adults will be trained to support themselves and to get along in the outside world.

 

Which word in the following is similar in meaning to “handicapped”?

  A. deaf                            B. blind                 C. bad                   D. disabled

 

因为这个单词在第一段，那就得先把这一段大意搞清楚，Some people cannot learn in ordinary schools. Often some physical or mental (精神的) handicap prevents a child from learning. In education today new methods are being used in special schools to help the handicapped learn.大意是：有些人不能够到普通学校读书，身体或者精神障碍常常使得儿童无法上学，因此当今一些特殊学校使用一些新的方法来帮助the handicapped学习。要特别注意：这个单词是“过去分词”形式，前面有定冠词the，无疑，这种结构表示“一类人”，即“身体有残疾的人”（包括属于选项A和B的那些人），所以正确答案为Ｄ。

 

 

【扩展学习】

 

Until recently daydreaming was considered as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. And it may be that more people are suffering from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it.

It now appears that a person's self control and self-direction may suffer if he or she does not daydream at all. Such a person may become poorly equipped to deal with the pressures of daily life.

Dr. Joan T. Fretbery has concluded that daydreaming does good to intellectual growth. It also improves concentration attention span and the ability to get along with others, she says. Another researcher reported that daydreaming seemed to produce improved self-control and creative ability.

But that's only part of the story. The most wonderful thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist Henry Kaiser believed that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse. The young Thomas Edison imagined himself as an inventor. For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true.

Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick believed that the way we picture ourselves is often the way we turn out. He offered this advice:“ Hold a picture of yourself…in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn towards it. Picture yourself vividly as defeated and that alone will make victory impossible. Picture yourself as winning, and that will contribute immeasurably to success. Do not picture yourself as anything, and you will drift（漂泊）.”

 

The word “drawn” in the last paragraph means                     .

A. sketched                            B. brought                    C. carried                            D. attracted

 

解题思路：先在最后一段找到这句话Hold a picture of yourself…in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn towards it. 这个单词的原意是“牵引”，但在这句话里肯定是其他含义。如果仅凭这句话来判断，不是不可以，只是这样做错误率可能会更高，不如先看前文。从第一段的第一句Until recently daydreaming was considered as a waste of time. 和第三句 But now people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming.便可得知，人们对“白日梦”有了新的看法，适当做一些“白日梦”对人有好处。最后一段的第一句Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick believed that the way we picture ourselves is often the way we turn out.是说这位博士认为，我们把自己想象成什么人, 常常就会使自己成为怎样的人。如果你脑中有这种形象，你就会被它所吸引。”因此，“drawn”是选项Ｄ的意思。

 

 

 

 

第七单元   掌握解题的一般步骤及特殊方法

 

【单元主要内容及目标】

 本单元主要讲解做阅读理解题的一般步骤及一些特殊解题方法，以进一步提高阅读理解题的应试技巧。

 

【讲授】

S: 通过前面几个单元的学习，我们已了解阅读理解题的基本解题策略，下面能否讲一讲做阅读理解题的一般解题步骤？

T: 可以。在做阅读理解题时，我们可采用以下几个步骤：

1. 快速阅读全文，了解文章大意。

2. 浏览文章后面的问题。

3. 带着问题，再次阅读文章。针对不同的问题，采取不同的阅读策略。

4. 判断并选择正确答案。

5. 检查答案是否正确。

做阅读理解题时，要把握好速度，一定要留出时间来检查你所选的答案是否正确。对于拿不准的题目, 要把问题带到原文中仔细对比, 最终确定答案。阅读理解的分值一般比较高，但又是最容易失分的部分。因此，在做阅读理解题时, 进行仔细检查十分重要。

S: 那么，是否还有什么特殊的解题方法呢？

T: 当然有。在做题时，我们不妨尝试以下几种特殊解题方法：

1. 猜测。

一个人所掌握的词汇量是有限的，无论是在阅读理解材料里还是在题干中，都有可能碰到生词。如果考生采取一词一词逐个翻译的方式做阅读理解题，不仅浪费时间而且可能会因为有生词而阻碍做题。所以，猜测是考生必须掌握的一种技能。遇到生词，考生可以跳过它，根据上下文，在语境中猜测它的含义。

2. 先易后难。

一提“先易后难”，有点老生常谈，但是在阅读理解的解题过程中，如果考生拘泥于一道难题而止步不前，就会因小失大，延误做题时间。考生做阅读题，无论题目难易，都要在泛读的基础上进行精读。尽量在第一遍泛读中解决明显的容易做的题目，然后在第二遍精读时着重解决难题并检查前面选出答案的题目，做到一举两得。

3. 选择含有文中出现频率较高的词句的选项。

当考生对于问题和选项实在不理解时，可以运用这种技巧。虽然这是一种铤而走险的方式，但是根据规律，选对的几率还是比较高的。

4. “两不”原则。

与常理相违背的选项不选，语气过于绝对的选项不选。有些阅读题，选项中有与常理相违背，考生在初次浏览问题及选项时就可以大胆地排除掉。还有的选项在表达上过于绝对化，考生也可以排除这种选项，因为阅读理解题在语气上一般都比较婉转。

S: 除了掌握这些解题步骤及特殊方法外，我们还应注意什么？

T: 我们还须在考前对词汇、语法做系统而扎实的复习。阅读理解是对考生词汇、语法的综合测试，这三者是紧密联系在一起，不可割裂的整体。词汇记得扎实，阅读的速度会提高；语法掌握得好，对语篇中的长句子以及特殊句型的理解就会变得容易、准确。