语法知识

 

 

第一单元  时态、语态、情态动词

 

【单元主要内容及目标】

本单元主要复习时态、语态及情态动词。通过本单元学习和训练，熟悉并掌握相关的语法知识点。

 

【讲授】

 要点1  时态 

 

典型试题解析

1.       I _______ ping- pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.

A. will play       B. have played     C. played           D. play

2. When Lily came home at 5 p. m. yesterday, her mother _________ dinner in the kitchen.

A. cooked         B. was cooking     C. cooks           D. has cooked

3. John’s father  _________ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from Harvard University.

A. taught          B. teaches         C. has taught        D. is teaching

4. She ____to Beijing. She will be back soon.

A. went           B. has been        C. goes            D. has gone

5. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I_________ to half a dozen other groups before.

A. was giving      B. am giving       C. had given        D. have given

6. It is the third time _______late this month.

A. that you have come to work

B. when you have come to work

C. that you came to work

D. when you came to work

7.— Nancy was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.

— Oh, really? I_________. I_________ visit her.

A. didn’t know; will go to              B. don’t know; will go to

C. didn’t know; am going to            D. haven’t known; am going to

8. I won’t be able to attend the meeting tonight because   __  .

  A. I must teach a class                                  B. I teach a class

C. I will be teaching a class                    D. I will have been teaching a class

9. I am not in charge of this class; I _____Mr. Smith’s class instead for he is ill these days.

A. just take     B. have just taken    C. am just taking      D. will just take

10. He      his job by the time you come.

   A. had been doing                 B. was doing

 C. will have done                 D. has done

答案：

T：现在就时态的一些典型试题作讲解。先看第1题：我乒乓打得相当好，但自元旦以来我没有时间打乒乓。

S：本题用了since一词，是否该用选项B（have played）?

T：不能用选项B。因为“我乒乓打得相当好”是表明主语的特征及能力，要用一般现在时，正确选项是D（play）。请看第2题，本题的时间状语是at 5 p.m. yesterday。

S：要是强调过去某时正在进行的动作，是否该用过去进行时？

T：当然应该用过去进行时。因此，第2题选B（was cooking）。接着看第3题。注意本题由since引导状语从句，意为“自……以来”。

S：那该用现在完成时才对（has taught）。

T：是的。再看第4题：She will be back soon，暗示她不在说话地点，去了北京，因而正确选项是D（has gone）。

S：为何不用has been?

T：has been只能用来表示经历“去过北京”，这与句子所要表达的意思不符。请看第5题。

S：我不太明白这句话的意思，能否翻译一下？

T：本题大意是：当时我正在和一大群人讲话，同样的内容我已讲过六、七次了。

S：表示“过去的过去”，该用过去完成时，选C（had given）。

T：完全正确。接着看第6题。

S：本题用了“It is +第几次+that…”的结构，这是要用现在完成时的典型结构，正确选项应该是A。

T：确实如此。现在看第7题。Oh, really?“噢，真的吗？”，暗示：说话人原来不知道Nancy受了伤，被送往医院这件事，因而要选A。

S：为何不选C，I’m going to visit her。

T：这是因为说话者用will来表示某种“意图”。再看第8题：我不能参加今晚的会议，因为要上课。

S：因为将来某时要上课而不能参加会议，那应该用将来进行时，选C（I will be teaching a class）。

T：是的。请看第9题。句中these days“这几天，眼下”，强调是目前一阶段正在进行的动作。

S：那该用选项C（I am just taking Mr. Smith’s class）。

T：完全正确。请看第10题。

S：by the time you come是什么意思？

T：意思是：到你来的时候。英语中，如用by表示将来时间，要用将来完成时。

 

要点2  语态

 

典型试题解析

1. How long do you think the meeting      ?

   A. lasts         B. will last         C. is lasted           D. is lasting

2. Every possible means _______to prevent air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

A. was used      B. are used         C. has been used      D. have been used

3. The new suspension bridge ________by the end of last month.

A. has been designed                B. had been designed     

C. was designed                    D. would be designed

4. Rain forests ______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.

A. cut           B. are been cut     C. are being cut       D. had been cut

5. Every year thousands of lives  _________ in road accidents because of careless driving.

A. lose          B. lost            C. have lost          D. are lost

6. — Take this medicine twice a day, Peter?

— Do I have to take it? It_________ so terrible.

A. is tasting     B. is tasted        C. tastes             D. has tasted

7. It      whether she will continue her work in the hospital.

   A. hasn’t been decided             B. isn’t deciding

   C. doesn’t decide                  D. hasn’t decide

8. – What happened to John last night?

   -- He______  all his money.

   A. had robbed    B. was robbed     C. had robbed of      D. was robbed of

9. — Is the library_________ now?

— No, it’s_________.

A. open; close                     B. opening; closing

C. open; closed                    D. opened; closed

10. Little Tommy came to realize that he ________.

A. was making fun of               B. was made fun    

C. was being made fun of           D. was being made fun

答案：

T：请看第1题。在本题中，last用作动词，不能用于被动结构。正确选项是B（will last）。接着看第2题：已采用了一切可能的手段来预防污染。

S：本题该用现在完成时态的被动结构，选D。

T：错了。means作“手段”解，单复数同形，但因前面有every作修饰语，means在句中用作单数，因而正确选项是C（has been used）。请看第3题。

S：句中由by the end of last month作状语，表示过去时间，是否该用过去完成时。

T：确实该用过去完成时的被动结构。正确选项是B（had been designed）。请看第4题：雨林正在以这样一种速度被砍伐和烧毁，在不远的将来就会从地球上消失。

S：表示“正在被”，那该用现在进行时的被动结构，选C（are being cut）。

T：正确。接着看第5题：每年有成千上万的人在公路的意外事故中丧命。

S：句子的主语是thousands of lives，那该用被动语态。

T：是的，本题正确选项是D（are lost）。再看第6题。taste在句中用作系动词，意为“尝起来”。

S：taste在此的用法是否与look（看起来），sound（听起来）用法相同，后面接形容词，而且不能用被动结构？

T：是的，它们用法相同。正确选项是C（tastes）。请看第7题。句中it用作形式主语。表示“还未决定”，要用被动结构。

S：在4个选项中，只有A是被动结构。

T：本题选A，没错。请看第8题：他的钱包被抢了。

S：表示被动，选B。

T：错了。rob这个词的用法是：rob sb. of sth。用作被动语态时，千万不能遗漏了介词of 。正确选项是D（was robbed of）。请看第9题。

S：该题选A，对吗？

T：不对。open 用作形容词，可作“开着”解，但表示“关着、关闭的”则要用closed, 不用close，因而要用选项C。请看第10题。make fun of 是个词组，意为“取笑”。

S：那构成被动语态的话，应该用选项C（was being made fun of）。

T：是的，千万不能遗漏了介词of。

 

要点3  情态动词

 

典型试题解析

1. — Must I go there tonight?

— No, you ________.

A. mustn’t         B. don’t have to      C. shouldn’t         D. oughtn’t to

2. The young lady coming over to us _________ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that!

A. must be        B. can be            C. would be         D. could be

3. When the railway is completed, we_________ get to town much easily.

A. must            B. would            C. are able to        D. will be able to

4. You_________ buy some reference books when you go to college.

A. could           B. will have to        C. must to          D. might

5. He didn’t pass the final examination. He_________ it.

A. must have prepared for                 B. ought to prepare for

C. ought to have prepared for              D. ought to prepare for

6. My wallet is nowhere to be found. I_________ in the store.

A. must drop it                         B. must have dropped it

C. should have dropped it                 D. ought to have dropped it

7. Mr. Green      live in the country than in the city.

   A. had better     B. would like         C. would rather      D. would better

8. You _______read the book if you don’t want to.

A. needn’t to     B. don’t need         C. don’t need to      D. need

9. It’s getting dark. You’d better_________ stay here.

A. don’t         B. not to             C. not              D. never to 

10. You _________in your exercises in time so that you can get them back now.

A. shouldn’t have handed               B. shouldn’t hand      

C. should have handed                 D. should hand

答案：

T：请看第1题。以情态动词must开头的疑问句，询问的是“有无必要”，因而其否定回答是“不必”，选B（don’t have to）。

S：能不能说No, you needn’t?

T：当然可以。请看第2题。the way she walks tells us that（她走路的样子就告诉了我们），言下之意“可能性极大”。

S：表示猜测：想必是，那该选A。

T：是的。请看第3题：当铁路建成后……，指将来。

S：那主句要用将来时，选D。

T：对的。请看第4题。本题与第3题相似，主句也用将来时，选B（will have to）。再看第5题。本题表示“本该做的，实际上并没有做”。

S：那应该用“should + have +过去分词”来表示，但本题中没有should一词。

T：ought to就等于should，因而要用选项C。请看第6题：我的钱包到处找不见，肯定是在商店里，我掉了钱包。

S：这好像是对已发生的事情进行猜测，那该用“must + have + 过去分词”的结构，选B（must have dropped it）。

T：完全正确。再看第7题。注意句中than与哪个选项一起用，可表示“宁愿……而不愿”的意思。

S：选C，would rather do sth. than do sth. else。

T：接着看第8题：如果你不想看这本书，那就不必看。

S：选B。

T：错了。用了助动词don’t, need只能用作实义动词，正确选项是C（don’t need to do sth.）。请看第9题。you’d better的否定结构，如何表达？

S：加上not再加动词原形，正确选项是C（not stay here）。

T：请看第10题：你本该及时交练习，这样你现在就可以拿回你的练习。

S：本题的意思是：本该做的，但实际上没有做。用should + have +过去分词来表示，选C才对。

T：你说得对。

 

【扩展学习】

时态

1. The train from this station __________on time.

A. never leaves                                        B. will never leave

C. is never leaving                                    D. was never leaving

2. Before long, he __________all about what happened today.

A. will have forgotten                              B. will have been forgotten

C. will forget                                         D. will be forgetting

3. Mary __________Tom with his lessons this time yesterday.

A. helped                B. was helping            C. were helping           D. had helping

4. The more you practise, the greater progress you__________.

A. will make           B. have made              C. are making             D. have been making

5. When I was at school, I __________to the library every day.

A. go                     B. went                      C. was going              D. have gone

6. The customer __________the money on the counter and went away.

A. lay                   B. lied                        C. laid                        D. was laying

7. I think I’ll write Jim right now and tell him __________with him.

A. I’ll go              B. I’ve gone                C.I was going             D. I’d go

8. I won’t be able to watch the program because I __________my homework at that time.

A. shall have done                                   B. will do

C. shall be done                                      D. will be doing

9. I first met Lisa three years ago. She __________at a radio shop at the time.

A. has worked       B. was working          C. had been working    D. had worked

10. —Your phone number again? I __________quite catch it.

—It is 9568442.”

A. didn’t               B. couldn’t                 C. don’t                     D. can’t

11. I don’t want to drink the milk any more because it __________too sweet.

A. tastes                B. is tasting                 C. has tasted               D. will taste

12. We __________three major snowstorms so far this winter.

A. had                   B. have                       C. have had                D. had had

13. You needn’t hurry her. She __________it by the time you are ready.

A. will have been finishing                         B. will finish

C. will have finished                                 D. will be finishing

14. It’s the third time I __________him this month.

A. had seen           B. see                         C. saw                       D. have seen

15. When I was drinking tea in a teahouse, I met Tom. We __________each other for a long time.

A. haven’t seen     B. didn’t see               C. weren’t see            D. hadn’t seen

16. “I can’t come to the meeting, ” she wrote, “because I __________my leg. ”

A. have broken     B. had broken             C. break                     D. was breaking

17. It __________hard when you leave home.

A. will be raining                                    B. will have been raining

C. will be rained                                     D. will have rained

18. When mother came home, she learned that her cat __________for half an hour.

A. had died            B. died                       C. would be dead        D. had been dead

19. The play is coming off in April. By then the play __________for half a year.

A. will have run                                      B. will be running

C. will run                                              D. will have been running

20. Joe was caught in a traffic jam and when he got to the theatre, the play __________for half an hour.

A. had already started                              B. had already put on

C. had already been on                            D. had already been put on

21. I would have come sooner, but I __________that you were waiting.

A. knew               B. didn’t know           C. hadn’t known         D. don’t know

22. I __________the film before, but I decided to see it a second time.

A. have seen         B. saw                       C. had seen                D. hadn’t seen

23. I’ve been studying in this university for four years, by next summer I__________.

A. will graduate                                      B. shall have graduated

C. shall be graduating                              D. shall be graduated

24. I hope he will come to see me before he __________ here.

A. leave                  B. leaves                    C. will leave                D. left

25. I’ve been looking for you all over the place, where__________?

A. had you been     B. had you gone          C. have you been        D. have you gone

答案：

1．A。表示“总是如此”用一般现在时。

2．C。before long意为“不久”，指将来，用一般将来时。

3．B。this time yesterday（昨天这个时候）表示过去某时正发生的事情，需用过去进行时。

4．A。句意：你练习得越多，进步就越大。指将来，用一般将来时。

5．B。虽然本题中有every day，但指的是“过去每天”，用一般过去时。

6．C。本题是并列句，前后两句都用一般过去时。lay (放)的过去式是laid。

7．A。tell him指将来，用一般将来时。

8．D。at that time指将来某一时段，用将来正在进行时。

9．B。at the time指“3年前我初次见到Lisa时”，表示“过去正在发生的事”用过去进行时。

10．A。句意：请再说一下你的电话号码，我没听清楚。根据上下文，“没听见”指的是过去，因而要用一般过去时。

11．A。本题指的是一种习惯，要用一般现在时。

12．C。so far this winter（今年冬天到现在），要用现在完成时。

13．C。by the tine you are ready指将来，要用将来完成时。

14．D。It is +第几次+（that）…，需用现在完成时。

15．D。 I met Tom指过去，在这之前好多时间未见面，要用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。

16．A。注意本题用了引号，因此要用现在完成时。

17．A。“当你离家的时候，雨将下得很大。”指将来正在发生的事，要用将来正在进行时。

18．D。句中she learned指过去，for half an hour表示持续一段时间，不能用终止性动词had died。

19．D。By then指将来，for half a year表示持续一段时间，因而要用将来完成进行时。

20．C。在到达戏院之前，戏已上演半小时了。因有表示持续一段时间的状语，不能用终止性动词。

21．B。but 指过去实际情况，用一般过去时。

22．C。decided指过去，在此之前已看过，因而要用过去完成时。

23．B。by next summer指将来，要用将来完成时。

24．B。before引导时间状语从句指将来，要用一般现在时。

25．C。 根据句意，指“去过那里”，表示经历，因而不能选D。

 

语态

1. It’s hot today. The temperature __________to 35℃.

A. has risen            B. has been risen         C. has been raised       D. has raised

2. In some parts of the world, tea __________with milk and sugar.

A. is serving           B. is served                C. serves                    D. served

3. Two of the boys __________while playing football.

A. hurt                   B. were hurting           C. got hurt                 D. had been hurt

4. The library __________at 5 o’clock every day.

A. closes                B. is closed                 C. is closing                D. will be closed

5. If the film __________in our school we’ll go and see it.

A. will be shown     B. is shown                C. was shown             D. is to shown

6. I __________to attend an important meeting tomorrow.

A. tell                    B. told                        C. have been told        D. is told

7. A pair of glasses __________on the desk.

A. is lain                 B. are lain                   C. is lying                  D. were lying

8. —Town Hall is the tallest building in the city.

—__________from here?

A. Can it see           B. Can it be seen         C. Can it seen             D. Can see

9. Doctors __________in every part of the world.

A. need                  B. are needing             C. are needed             D. will need

10. She__________ for what she has done.

A. ought to praise                                   B. ought be praised

C. ought to praised                                                                  D. ought to be praised

11. These kinds of shoes __________well.

A. don’t sell          B. are not sold             C. won’t be sold         D. were not sold

12. The box is made __________paper, and the paper is made __________wood.

A. from; of           B. of; from                 C. from; from             D. of; of

13. Do you know how the war__________?

A. wins                B. won                       C. was won               D. had won

14. She __________Robert for a year.

A. married                                             B. married with

C. has been marrying                              D. has been married to

15. What he had said at the meeting __________true.

A. proves              B. is proved                C. proved                   D. was proved

16. Shortly after we__________, a waiter came over to our table with a smile.

A. seated              B. were seated            C. sat ourselves           D. took place

17. The question __________by us soon.

A. is going to be discussed                      B. will discuss

C. is going to discuss                              D. has been discussed

18. How __________tons __________the machine__________?

A. many; is; weigh                                  B. much; does; weigh

C. many; does; weigh                             D. much; is; weigh

19. This railway is __________in about two months.

A. complete                                            B. to have completed

C. to be completed                                                                  D. completing

20. I found the sentence __________smoothly.

A. didn’t read       B. wasn’t read            C. wasn’t reading        D. hadn’t read

答案：

1．A。“温度上升到35℃”不能用被动语态。

2．B。serve作“供应”解，需用被动语态。

3．C。指“受伤”，要用被动语态，但不必用过去完成时。

4．A。open, close指“开，关”，不必用被动语态。be closed指状态“关着”。

5．B。if 引导的条件句，一般不用将来时。但根据句意，要用被动结构。

6．C。根据句意（已被告知），要有现在完成时的被动结构。

7．C。lie除了作“躺”解，也可表示“位于”的意思，没有被动语态。a pair of glasses作主语，是单数。

8．B。根据句意，要用被动语态，但要注意用疑问句语序。

9．C。表示“被需要”，要用被动结构。

10．D。ought to 等同于should，被动结构为“ought to + be +过去分词”。

11．A。don’t sell well意为“不畅销”。

12．B。be made of 指从制品中仍看得出原材料，而be made from 则指原材料发生了化学变化。

13．C。win the war，但当the war做主语时，要用被动结构。

14．D。for a year要用现在完成时，be married to 指状态。

15．C。prove在上下文中不用被动语态。主语从句用had said，因而主句用一般过去时。

16．B。be seated指“坐下”，等同于sit down。

17．A。soon指将来，但根据句意要用被动语态。

18．C。tons 是可数名词，不能用how much。weigh在句中不用被动语态。

19．C。in about two months指将来。is to be completed是表示“将来被动”。

20．A。句意：我觉得这句子读起来不顺口。不用被动语态。

 

情态动词

1. __________you hear the radio from the other side of the room?

A. Can                   B. May                       C. Must                      D. Should

2. Mr. Green __________live in the country than in the city.

A. had better           B. would like               C. would rather          D. would better

3. I haven’t got anything to do, so I __________go with you.

A. must                 B. may as well            C. have to                   D. may

4. Mary __________at home, for she never goes out this time at night.

A. can’t be             B. can be                    C. must be                 D. may be

5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________get out.

A. had to                B. would                    C. could                     D. was able to

6. I __________get this done immediately or it will be too late.

A. can                   B. shall                       C. may                       D. must

7. You don’t __________to go there if you have no time.

A. need                  B. want                      C. must                      D. ought

8. A computer__________ think for itself, it must be told what to do.

A. can’t                 B. couldn’t                 C. may not                 D. might not

9. She’s already an hour late. Something __________to her.

A. can have happened                               B. must have happened

C. should have happened                           D. may have happened

10. —Did you blame him for his mistakes?

—Yes, but __________it.”

A. I shouldn’t have done                          B. I shouldn’t do

C. I should have done                              D. I should do

11. You __________return the book now. You __________keep it till next week if you like.

A.  can’t; can       B. mustn’t; may          C. needn’t; can           D. may not; must

12. —Won’t you tell me more about your problem?

—I __________talk about it any more.”

A. would rather not to                             B. wouldn’t rather

C. would rather not                                D. wouldn’t rather to

13. __________we stop to have a rest?

A. Will                  B. Would                    C. Shall                      D. Should

14. You __________to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.

A. needn’t to come                                                                  B. don’t need come

C. don’t need coming                              D. needn’t come

15. I __________it again.

A. would like you to read                        B. would like that you read

C. would like your reading                       D. like you tell

16. —Need you go now?

—__________.

A. Yes, I need        B. Yes, I have to         C. No, I mustn’t         D. No, I don’t

17. We have told him many times, but he __________listen to our advice.

A. could               B. was able to             C. won’t                    D. weren’t

18. __________ he help you with the problem?

Well, though it is very hard, __________I’ll do what I can to work it out.

A. Will; but           B. Can; and                 C. Must; however       D. Shall; still

19. —Could I call you by your first name?

—Yes, you __________.

A. will                  B. could                     C. may                      D. might

20. —Write to me when you get home.

—__________ .

A. I must             B. I should                  C. I will                     D. I can

答案：

1。A。表示“能否”，用can。

2．C。句中有than。would rather… than…意为“宁愿……而不愿……”。

3．B。“may as well +动名原形”意为“还是……的好”，等同于had better +动词原形。

4．C。根据句意（晚上从不出去），那肯定在家，用must be。

5．D。当要表明过去某时一个动作已成功地完成时，要用was / were able to，不可用could。

6．D。根据句意（否则将太晚），强调“必须”，用must。

7．A。表示“不必”，用don’t need to do或don’t have to do。

8．A。表示“不能”，用can’t。

9．B。表示“对过去已发生的事情进行猜测”用“must + have +过去分词”。

10．A。表示“不该做的事已经做了”，要用“shouldn’t + have +过去分词”。

11．C。表示“不必”，needn’t +动词原形。

12．C。would rather do表示“宁愿做……”，其否定结构为“would rather not do”。

13．C。Shall we…? 用以提出建议。

14．D。表示“不必”，用needn’t +动词原形。

15．A。would like to do sth.意为“有意做某事”，此外也有would like sb. to do sth.的用法，意思是“想让某人做某事”。

16．B。need开头的疑问句，询问“有无必要”，其肯定回答是：Yes, I must 或Yes, I have to；否定回答是：No, I needn’t 或No, I don’t have to。

17．C。根据句意，表示拒绝，要用won’t。

18．D。Shall he help you…? 表示请求。

19．C。表示“许可”，用may。

20．C。will表示“意愿”。