22、    In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

 

(1)、The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

 

A：give parents some advice on how to bring up children

B：debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings

C：teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

D：inform the general reader of two basic processes of modifying emotions through learning

答案：D

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\理科A

 

(2)、In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.

A：associate one event with a reward or punishment

B：do things that produce rewards

C：receive a reward when he feel happy

D：recognize his mother's face and voice

答案：A

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\理科A

 

(3)、Which of the following is a case of "operant conditioning"?

A：Children learn to do things that produce punishment.

B：The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.

C：Children learn to mix with others by reading, watching TV and so forth.

D：The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.

答案：D

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\理科A

 

(4)、The underlined word "fashion" can be replaced by "______".

 

A：vogue

B：route

C：manner

D：fate

答案：C

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\理科A

 

(5)、According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.

 

A：care, association, and nice person

B：joy, happiness, and friendliness

C：comfort, cares, and anger

D：reading, watching TV, and interacting with others

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\理科A

 

23、Many countries face a somewhat more serious economic problem in the form of an unfavorable trade balance with other nations. Such an imbalance exists when the total value of a country's imports exceeds that of its exports. For example, if a country buys $25 billion of products from other countries, yet sells only $10 billion of its own products overseas, its trade deficit（贸易逆差） is $15 billion. Many underdeveloped nations find themselves in this position because they lack natural resources or the industrial capacity to use these resources, and thus have to import raw materials or manufactured goods.

One effect of a trade deficit is the flow of currency out of a country. In the case of an underdeveloped nation, this can cause many financial difficulties, including failure to meet debt payments and obstacles to creation of an industrial base. Even in the case of a fully developed nation such as the United States, a large trade deficit is a reason for alarm. American products, made by well-paid workers in U.S. industries, cost more to produce than those made in places like Asia, where labor and material costs are much lower. Money spent on foreign products is money not spent on items produced by domestic industries.

 

 

(1)、What does the passage mainly discuss?

A：Some worldwide economic problems.

B：The cause and consequences of trade deficit.

C：Lack of resources in underdeveloped countries.

D：High labor and material costs in developed countries.

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(2)、According to the passage, a trade imbalance occurs when ______.

A：a country is facing serious financial problems

B：a country buys more from other countries than it sells overseas

C：the value of a country's exports is greater than that of its imports

D：products imported are more expensive than those exported

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(3)、Many underdeveloped countries have trade deficits because ______.

A：they failed to meet debt payments

B：they export most of their natural resources to other countries

C：they borrow too much money from other countries

D：they have to import most of their manufactured products

答案：D

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(4)、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of a trade imbalance?

A：The flow of currency of the country.

B：Low labor and material costs in Asian countries.

C：Lack of natural resources.

D：Lack of the industrial capacity to use the resources.

答案：A

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(5)、It can be inferred from this passage that American industries ______.

A：do not pay their workers sufficiently

B：are hurt by a trade imbalance

C：imported labor and material from abroad

D：are able to prevent a trade deficit

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

24、Elderly people respond best to a calm and unhurried environment. This is not always easy to provide as their behavior can sometimes be irritating. If they get excited or upset then they may become more difficult to look after. Although sometimes it can be extremely difficult, it is best to be patient and not to get upset yourself. You should always encourage old people to do as much as possible for themselves but be ready to lend a helping hand when necessary.

Failing memory makes it difficult for the person to recall all the basic kinds of information we take for granted. The obvious way to help in this situation is to supply the information that is missing and help them make sense of what is going on. You must use every opportunity to provide information but remember to keep it simple and straightforward.

"Good morning, Mum. This is Fiona, your daughter. It is eight o'clock, so if you get up now, we can have breakfast downstairs."

When the elderly person makes confused statements，e.g. about going out to his or her old employment or visiting a dead relative, correct in a calm matter-of-fact fashion: "You don't work in the office any more. You are retired now. Will you come and help me with the dishes?"

    We rely heavily on the information provided by signposts, clocks, calendars and newspapers. These assist us to organize and direct our behavior. Confused old people need these aids all the time to compensate for their poor memory. Encourage them to use reminder boards or diaries for important coming events and label the contents of different cupboards and drawers. Many other aids such as information cards, old photos, scrap books, and addresses or shopping list could help in individual case.

 

(1)、Why can't we always keep calm in front of old people?

A：Because old people sometimes annoy us.

B：Because old people sometimes don't understand us.

C：Because we are sometimes in a bad mood.

D：Because we are sometimes in a hurry.

答案：A

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(2)、What happens to elderly people's memory according to the passage?

A：Their memory becomes worse and recalls basic things as granted.

B：Their memory becomes worse and can't remember basic things.

C：They can't remember their failures.

D：They can only remember past failures.

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(3)、Paragraph 3 gives an example illustrating ______.

A：how to provide simple, direct information

B：a daughter's care for her mother

C：a daughter's duty to her mother

D：the right procedure of helping the old

答案：A

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(4)、Why are old people encouraged to use diaries?

A：Because diaries can replace reminder boarders.

B：Because diaries are simple to use.

C：Because diaries help make up for poor memory.

D：Because diaries can label the contents of cupboards.

答案：C

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A

 

(5)、What is the main idea of the passage?

A：What happens to old people with failing memory.

B：How to help old people with failing memory.

C：Why old people have poor memory.

D：How to improve bad memory.

答案：B

难度：1

知识点：阅读理解部分\大学英语A\文科A