TPO1: THE ORIGINS OF THEATER
(2011-11-28 19:08:33)
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The Origins of Theater
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典,If you champion a person, a cause, or a
principle, you support or
defend them.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:If you attribute something to an
event or situation, you think that it was caused by that event or
situation.
Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as
luck.
= ascribe
释义来自科林斯高级学习词典。
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落第一句“In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw.”意思是:要描述剧院的起源,必须主要依赖于推测,因为没有多少实在的证据可以利用。
Speculation n.推测; hypothesis n.假设;concrete adj.具体的,实在的; draw on = make use of 利用;
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回到段落第四句“During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being.”意思是:在发展早期阶段,社会意识到那些影响和控制食物供应和安定生活的力量。下一句“Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces” 意思是:对自然力量缺乏了解,社会将好的和不好的事件归因于超自然和魔法的力量,不仅如此还寻找赢得这些力量青睐的方法。再看下一句“Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.”意思是:感知到群组表演的一些行为和对社会有利的结果之间有一个明显的联系,群组于是将这些行为固定成仪式,重复,改进并且正式化。
整个意思是:人们意识到幸福生活受到某些力量的影响,但对这些力量又没什么了解,于是以为是超自然或者魔法力量。因为感知到他们中一些行为和这些力量的明显关系,于是就重复这些行为并且仪式化。所以仪式化的真正目的是为了幸福生活。
Stage n.阶段,舞台; be aware of 意识到; well-being 健康幸福; attribute…to…把。。。归因于。。。; desirable adj.值得向往的; undesirable adj.不受欢迎的; occur v.发生; occurrence n.事件; supernatural adj.超自然的; search for 寻找。。。= look for;win the favor of 赢得…的青睐; perceive v.感知; refine v.提炼,改良; formalize v.形式化; ceremony n.仪式; ceremonial adj.仪式的; ritual adj.仪式;
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:看到原句“When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, …..”于是往前看一句找反指“But the myths that ….may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.”意思是:但是,仪式中逐渐成长起来的神话可能成为群组口头传诵的一部分并且甚至可能在与仪式分离的情况下被表扬出来。
Oral adj.口头的; act out 演出; divorce from 从。。。分离;
Under conditions 在。。。情况下;
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典,An autonomous country, organization, or
group governs or controls itself rather than being controlled by
anyone else.
= independent
Autonomous adj. 自治的;autonomous region 自治区;
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回到段落第四句话“As a people become more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change.”意思是:随着一群人变得更成熟,他们对超自然力量的概念和一些因果关系会发生改变。第五句话“As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. ”意思是:结果是,他们可能会放弃或者改变一些仪式。
A people is all the men, women, and children of a particular country or race.;
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落第四句“One, set forth by Aristotle… sees humans as naturally imitative – as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things and actions and in seeing such imitations.”意思是:其中一个,由亚里士多德在公元前四世纪提出,把人们看成是天生爱模仿- 能从模仿人、事物和行为并且看到这样的模仿中获取乐趣。所以第三项对;接下来一句话“Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.”意思是“另外一个,在二十世纪中发展出,认为人类有一种幻想的天赋,从中他们试图把现实变成一种比日常生活中所遇到的形式更令人满意”所以选项二对;再往下看“Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.”意思是:因此幻想或虚构(戏剧是其中一种形式)允许人们具体化焦虑和恐惧,直面它们,并且在虚构非事实中完成他们的希望。所以选项一对。
Set forth 提出,宣布; imitate v.模仿; imitative adj.模仿的; imitation n.模仿; take pleasure in 在…中取乐;gift n.天赋,礼物; fantasy n.幻想= dream;reshape v.改造; reality n.现实; encounter v.遭遇; fiction n.小说,虚构的故事; object n.物体; objectify v.具体化; anxiety n.焦虑; confront v.面对,遭遇;fulfill v.实现(抱负)
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:历史现象是人们发展剧院的动机;两个理论是:模仿取乐动机和幻想更好生活动机。
选项四不能选,因为作者没有指出问题。
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:If someone has a penchant for something,
they have a special liking for it or a tendency to do it. (FORMAL)
...a stylish woman with a penchant for dark
glasses...
释义来自科林斯高级学习词典。
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回到原文发现原句“For example, one sign of this condition …., since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view….”是一个例子,意思是:例如,这种条件的一个标志是喜剧视角的出现,因为喜剧需要一种足够的分离视角将脱离社会规范行为看做荒谬而不是对整个社会群体福利的危害。于是往前看“One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems.”意思:一个必须的条件是对人类问题以一种分离的角度来观察;再往前看“Therefore, additional explanations are needed.”意思是:因此,需要额外的解释。
所以可以看出comedy只是为额外解释提供一个例子,而这个额外解释就是对脱离社会规范的问题需要用一种分离的角度来观察,也就是解释了为什么剧院的发展需要脱离或者说独立。
12.
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
例如:一些早期社会不再认为一些仪式对他们幸福生活很重要,于是放弃它们;尽管如此,他们还是把那些仪式中逐渐成长起来的神话保持在口头传统中并且出自艺术品质而不是宗教用途来欣赏它们。
句子分两部分,nevertheless之前和之后。Consider certain rites essential to their well-being; essential to their well-being是rites的宾语补足语; they retain as parts of their oral traditions the myths that had grown up around the rites; 这里把retain的宾语myths 倒装了,因为myths后有一个定语从句,避免头重脚轻。一般的顺序是they retain myths (that…) as parts of their oral traditions and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. Rather than的意思是“而不是。。。”
a)
b)
c)
d)
13.
To enhance their listener’s enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and memorable.
为了提升他们听众的享受的程度,讲故事的人不断使他们的故事变得更吸引人更令人难以忘怀。
Enhance v.提高; continually adv.不断地; engaging adj.迷人的; memorable adj.难忘的。
解析:根据要插入的句子判断,插入口之前肯定要提到听众和讲故事的人,插入口之后要提到讲故事的人是如何使得故事更吸引人更令人难忘。因此只有第四个插入口在后面讲到“Thus, the recalling of an event is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.”意思是:因此,讲述者回忆事件时手舞足蹈和扮演模仿,并最终通过每个角色由不同人承担而使得事情变得栩栩如生。所以答案是第四个插入口。
Elaborate v.精细制作; pantomime n.哑语手势; impersonation n.扮演,模仿; assume v.承担;narrator n.讲述者;
14.
Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.
人类学家已经发展出很多理论来帮助理解剧院为什么以及如何源起。
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
解析:选项一错,文章没有提到这样的理论。
选项二对,文章第一段和第二段就是讲剧院的前身:宗教仪式;
选项三错,社会变得越复杂成熟,人们就会抛弃或修改一些宗教仪式,而不是用这些仪式来影响想发生的事件。
选项四错,文章没有谈到过领导。
选项五对,文章第四段大意。
选项六对,文章第五段大意。
因此,答案是:2,5,6;
这篇文章是立论型文章,主要讲述剧院的起源的理论;
第一段指出可靠证据很少,所以得靠推测,最广泛认同的观点是剧院起源于神话宗教仪式;人类意识到控制和影响自己食物供应和社会幸福的因素,因为无知,归因为超自然或魔法力量,并且为了赢得这些力量的青睐,表演仪式;
第二段讲人类社会慢慢复杂成熟,放弃或者改变一些宗教仪式,神话脱离出来后因为娱乐和审美观而不是宗教价值而保存下来;
第三段讲剧院源于讲故事,听故事是人类的快乐。
第四段讲剧院源于跳舞,因为对舞蹈表演者技艺的崇拜使人们有动力使活动完全变成艺术表演。
第五段讲了人们发展剧院的两个动机,其一是亚里士多德提出的模仿取乐;其二是人们幻想的天赋(意淫);
第六段讲了独立剧院形成的另外二个条件,其一是对人类问题的一种脱离一般视角的看法,举了喜剧作为例子;其二是审美观的出现,举了神话因为它的艺术价值而不是宗教作用而被保存下来这个例子。