OG: THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS
(2011-11-28 19:01:18)
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The Expression of Emotions
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典发现despondent adj.消沉的;If you are despondent, you are very unhappy because you have been experiencing difficulties that you think you will not be able to overcome. 释义来自科林斯高级学习词典。根据上下文,happy or despondent 可能是一对反义词,再看文章开头Joy and sadness 确实是反义的。Joy中有happy,那么sadness里面有despondent。Unhappy带入上下文很合理。
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:原句“Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger.”意思是:“带着敌意的方式露出牙齿,正如达尔文在十九世纪注意到的,也许是一种表达愤怒的通用方式”。这是一个例子。往前看又是一个例子“Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.”意思是:笑很明显是通用表达友好和赞同的标志。又是一个例子。再往前看“It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. ”意思是:结果是很多感情的表达都是通用的。发现微笑和露牙齿都是为了举出被广泛接受的表情标志而已。
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:第一段讲的全部都是表情标志的一致性,往下看整个第二段的研究也是为了证明表情的一致性。所以concur肯定是agree的同义词了。Concur v.意见相同;
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:找到文中那句话“He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. ”意思是:他然后让世界各地的人来指出它们中描绘的感情是什么。往前看一句“In classic research, Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness.”意思是:在一个经典研究中,PaulEkman照了很多人的不同照片,他们显示不同感情,有愤怒,恶心,恐惧,幸福和悲哀。看到这句话就可以肯定them指的就是photographs了,因为只有photographs里面有描绘。
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:通过New
Guinea回原文定位到“Those queried ranged from European college
students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New
Guinea highlands.”意思是:那些被问的人从欧洲大学生到新几内亚高低一个群落的成员。再往下看“All groups, including the Fore, who
had almost no contact with Western
cultures, agreed on the portrayed
emotions.”意思是:所有群组,包括Fore在内,这个群落与西方文化几乎没有接触,都一致同意描绘的感情。由此可以确定答案选第三项。Range from
范围从…到…;
6.
The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.
如果他们是故事里的角色并要求做出基本的感情回应,Fore人都显示出熟悉的面部表情。
Display
Character n.人物角色;
a)
b)
c)
d)
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回到原文达尔文说的话“The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.”意思是:感情外向标志的随意表达会加剧此感情。另一方面,对这种外向标志的压制会减轻我们的感情。Intensify v.加剧; repress v.压制; repression n.压制; soften v.软化,减轻。
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回到原文找到段落第二句话“Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.”意思是:例如,让参与者在实验中笑会导致他们报告出更积极的感情并且认为卡通更幽默,这些卡通是对人或者事情的幽默画。段落最后一句“When are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.” 意思是:当他们皱眉时,他们把卡通评价的更具有攻击性。
Participate v.参与;participant n.参与者; lead to 导致; positive adj.积极的;rate v.对…评价
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典解决问题。当然其实把四个单词全部放到原文中,也只有Judge能说得通。
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:be relevant to 与…有关;原句“Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “Keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress.”意思是:Ekman的观察也许和英国用来控制压力的建议“保持一个紧绷的嘴唇”有关。Contradictory和confusing明显不行,dependent错,不是依靠;只有applicable靠谱。
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:回原文看到段落第二句“It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.”意思是:也许是紧绷的嘴唇抑制了感情反应 – 只要嘴唇不会因为恐惧或紧张而发抖。第三句“But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response. ”“但是,当导致嘴唇紧绷的感情更强烈时,并且涉及到强烈的肌肉张力,脸部反馈会升高感情反应。”所以可能加强,可能降低;
Suppress
v.压制;
heighten v.增加;
stiff adj.僵硬的;
stiffen v.使生硬;
feedback n.反馈;
Lead to 导致; intense adj. 强烈的; involves v.涉及到;
12.
Look at the four squares that
indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.
这种感情识别的普遍统一性可以通过简单的方法来证明
Universal adj.普遍的; universality n.普遍性;recognize v.识别; recognition n.识别;
Demonstrate v.证明,论证;
解析:看到This universality in the recognition of emotions能确定之前一定有对感情一致识别性的阐述,发现第二句话“Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.” 意思是:不仅如此,在不同文化中的人都能识别面部表情表现出的感情。根据插入句子中demonstrated by using rather simple methods, 那么后面肯定要有对simple method的阐述,发现第三句话“In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness.”意思是:在经典研究中,Paul Ekman人们拍照,他们表现的感情有愤怒,恶心,害怕,幸福和悲伤。这就是simple method的体现,所以答案是第三个插口。
13.
Psychological research seems to confirm that people associate particular facial expressions with the same emotions across cultures.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
解析:
选项1错误,因为这是一个小细节,在第五段中被作为一个例子。所以这是一个错误的选项。
选项2正确,因为这是对全文主旨的表述,Questions about the nature of this interaction and details of research on this issue are discussed in every paragraph, so it is clearly a “main idea.”
选项3错误,因为虽然也许这是一个正确的事实,但是原文没有明确阐述这个事实。
选项4正确,这个选项和选项2一样,都是对于全文主旨的表述,而且文章给这个表述以细节支持。在文章的第3,4,5和6段中,都对面部表情是否能够反映一个人的感情状态做了讨论。
选项5错误,因为根据原文,Ekman没有做这样的论述,而是达尔文。Ekman的研究是针对面部表情反映人的感情的普遍性的问题,不是人们认识这种表情的能力的问题。所以是对原文的错误表述。因此不能入选。
选项6正确,这个选项是面部表情回馈理论的重要组成部分,而且在文章的3,4,5和6段中有大量的论述,因此也是本文的重要信息。
因此,答案是:2,4,6;
这篇文章主要讲的是感情的表达与面部表情的问题,
第一段说很多面部表情都是通用的。
第二段讲了Paul Ekman证明那些表情在不同文化中的通用性。
第三段说心理研究者发现面部表情可以反映感情状态,但又发现这种因果关系可能是相反的,可能是面部表情的改变导致了感情状态的改变,然后引出了一个脸部反馈假设,接着还谈到达尔文说:要压制会弱化我们的感情。
第四段举了一个例子来证明面部表情反馈假说。让人笑着评价卡通,会觉得更幽默。让人皱着眉评价卡通,会觉得更有攻击性。
第五段讲面部表情和感情的关联。其一是arousal,一个生物准备活动或活动的水平。举的例子是:当要表现出恐惧时,面部肌肉就剧烈收缩。当自我意识到提高的arousal后,有会使得感情活动增加。其二是大脑温度和神经传递物质的释放。面部表情不仅表现影响内部感情还反应内部感情。举的例子是:Dchenne smile,眼角边会有crow’s feet(鱼尾纹),会使得心情愉快。
第六段举了Ekman的观察与英文表达“Keep a stiff upper lip”有关。保持僵硬的嘴唇可以压制感情反应,但当保持嘴唇僵硬的感情变的强烈之后,可能又加强感情反应。所以,这个例子就是想说面部表情和感情状态互为因果、相互影响。