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张大千的画作早在上世纪三四十年代就是商界巨贾、古玩大家追逐收藏的目标，大千先生去世后，他的作品更是每年在拍卖市场上屡创新高，市场上所见的大千真迹几乎都为他的纸本水墨，放眼全球，各大拍卖行几乎看不到一件张大千临摹的敦煌壁画，这是为何呢？大千先生曾经对其子张心智说：“我们费尽千辛万苦临摹来的敦煌壁画，我一幅都没卖，其原因就是我早已决定今后要把这批摹品全部献给国家。”

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张大千

（1899-1983，男，四川内江人，祖籍广东省番禺，1899年5月10日出生于四川省内江市中区城郊安良里的一个书香门第的家庭，中国泼墨画家，书法家。20 世纪50年代，张大千游历世界，获得巨大的国际声誉，被西方艺坛赞为“东方之笔”。他与二哥张善子昆仲创立“大风堂派”，是二十世纪中国画坛最具传奇色彩的泼墨画家。无论是绘画、书法、篆刻、诗词都无所不通。

他曾在敦煌面壁两年七个月，临摹了自十六国、两魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、两夏、元等历朝历代的壁画作品达276幅，敦煌石窟艺术从此走向世界，也为其以后的绘画创作，尤其是人物画创作奠定了基础。

1941年5月，张大千携三夫人杨宛君（后二夫人黄凝素加入）、儿子张心智、侄儿张彼得、学生肖建初和刘力上及几个裱工，后又聘请藏画家索南丹巴的四个弟子等赴敦煌考察研究石窟壁画。面壁近三年，他匍匐于昏暗的洞窟角落，神往于斑斓的佛教圣境，倾倒于瑰丽的艺术画卷，如痴如醉。

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大大千临摹壁画

对于敦煌，张大千说：“开始来的时候，我也有些眼花缭乱，看了那样多名人古迹，到这里就看不懂了，那时才知道山外有山，楼外有楼，哪里能找到这样悠久众多的名人古迹？”

但是初到敦煌的时候，张大千临摹壁画的工作一度遇到很多困难。首先，洞窟都是坐西面东，只有上午才能靠太阳照进洞来的光线进行工作，一到下午，洞里立即一片漆黑，无法工作。准备用来临摹壁画的绢、布和纸，是从成都带来的，张幅有限，不能临摹大型壁画。所以，只能把一些绢或者布缝起来拼成大幅，但是，拼接的技术又不行，缝痕十分明显，使画面像切割过一样。带去的普通颜料也不行，那些朱红、靛青、石青、石绿，看起来够鲜艳，但画上去，便显得灰暗，和壁画的富丽绚烂色调不能比。再有，眼见的壁画上的颜色，其实经过久远年代，有些已是变了的色调，那么，原来的颜色该是什么？

为了解决这些问题，张大千特派他的儿子张心智，随同两个人，一起千里迢迢赶去西宁。西宁的塔儿寺，是喇嘛教格鲁派的着名寺院，历史悠久。请来的塔儿寺的画喇嘛，既会画宗教壁画，又会研制颜料和缝制画布。藏族的画喇嘛缝制画布，是先缝好，再在上面涂上一层石膏加胶水的混合物，这样造出的画布，画上去就和古代的画十分相近。磨制的颜料也与壁画上的颜料相同，而且还自己烧制起画稿的木炭条，面条似的一条条的，使用起来刚柔适度，十分适用于画的。还有，同样的金粉，经过喇嘛的手处理后，画在画上就十分辉煌。

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张大千在敦煌期间难得的休闲时刻

经过敦煌艺术的洗礼，他的视野更开阔，气势更恢宏，技巧更娴熟，手法更多样，艺术水平上升到一个全新的境界。从此，张大千的画风也为之一变，善用复笔重色，高雅华丽，潇洒磅礴，被誉为“画中李白”、“今日中国之画仙”。

敦煌临摹的壁画其中62幅于49年带去台湾捐赠给台北故宫博物院，其余183幅由其大夫人曾正蓉在1953年1月19日转交给成都四川博物馆代为保管。由于敦煌壁画中许多已无迹可寻，这批壁画摹品更变成了研究敦煌壁画和张大千绘画史的重要资料。

今天的敦煌已经成为世界文化遗产，但当年张大千临摹的壁画中的50%都已经漫漶不轻，甚至有的已经不复存在，虽然敦煌艺术研究院成立后，开始了近半个世纪的敦煌壁画临摹工程，但能超越张大千先生的几乎没有来者。

陈寅恪说：“大千先生临摹北朝唐五代之壁画，介绍于世人，使得窥国宝之一斑，其成绩已超出以前研究之范围，何况其人才特具，虽为临摹之本，兼有创造之功，实能于民族艺术上别开一新界境。”

张大千壁画欣赏（90幅）

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