美国人类学家阿尔弗雷德·克洛依伯（Alfred Kroeber）和克莱德·克拉克洪（Clyde Kluckhohn）在其1952年出版的《文化：概念和定义批判分析》（Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions, by Clyde Kluckhohn, A. L. Kroeber, Alfred G. Meyer, Wayne Untereiner, 1952）一书中列举了164条（1871-1920年,文化仅仅有6种定义，到1951年，文化的定义则高达164种）不同的文化定义。

此书暂无中译本，以下为其英文版目录：

CONTENTS

PART I: GENERAL HISTORY OF THE WORD CULTURE

We begin in Part I with a semantic history of the word “culture” and some remarks on the related concept “civilization.”

1.   Brief survey

2.   Civilization

3.   Relation of civilization and culture

4.   The distinction of civilization from culture in American sociology

5.   The attempted distinction in Germany

6.   Phases in the history of the concept of culture in Germany

7.   Culture as a concept of eighteenth-century general history

8.   Kant to Hegel

9.   Analysis of Memm’s use of the word “Cultur”

10. The concept of culture in Germany since 1850

11. “Kultur” and “Schrecklichkeit”

12. Danilevsky

13. “Culture” in the humanities in England and elsewhere

14. Dictionary definitions

15. General discussion

      Addendum: Febvre, on civilisation

PART II: DEFINITIONS

In Part II we then list definitions, grouped according to principal conceptual emphasis, though this arrangement tends to have a rough chronological order as well. Comments follow each category of definitions, and Part II concludes with various analytical indices.

Group A: Descriptive

Broad definitions with emphasis on enumeration of content: usually influenced by Tylor

Group B: Historical

Emphasis on social heritage or tradition

Group C: Normative

C- I. Emphasis on rule or way

C- II. Emphasis on ideals or values plus behavior

Group D: Psychological

D- I. Emphasis on adjustment, on culture as a problem-solving device

D- II. Emphasis on learning

D- III. Emphasis on habit

D- IV. Purely psychological definitions

Group E: Structural

Emphasis on the patterning or organization of culture

Group F: Genetic

F- I. Emphasis on culture as a product or artifact

F- II. Emphasis on ideas

F- III. Emphasis on symbols

F- IV. Residual category definitions

Group G: Incomplete Definitions

Indexes to Definitions

A: Authors

B: Conceptual elements in definitions

Words not included in Index B

PART III: SOME STATEMENTS ABOUT CULTURE

Part III contains statements about culture longer or more discursive than definitions. These are classified, and each class is followed by comment by ourselves.

Introduction

Group a: The Nature of Culture

Group b: The Components of Culture

Group c: Distinctive Properties of Culture

Group d: Culture and Psychology

Group e: Culture and Language

Group f: Relation of Culture to Society, Individuals, Environment, and Artifacts

PART IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Part IV consists of our general conclusions.

A: Summary

Word and concept

Philosophy of history

Use of culture in Germany

Spread of the concept and resistances

Culture and civilization

Culture as an emergent or level

Definitions of culture

Before and after 1920

The place of Tylor and Wissler

'The course of post-1920 definitions

Rank order of elements entering into post-1930 definitions

Number of elements entering into single definitions

Final comments on definitions

Statements about culture

B: General Features of Culture

Integration

Historicity

Uniformities

Causality

Significance and values

Values and relativity

C: Conclusion

A final review of the conceptual problem

Review of aspects of our own position

APPENDIX A: Historical Notes on Ideological Aspects of the Concept of Culture in Germany and Russia, by Alfred G. Meyer

APPENDIX B: The Use of the Term Culture in the Soviet Union, by Alfred G. Meyer

 

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