突破长难句 之定语、分隔结构和as的用法
(2011-03-16 11:16:54)
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突破长难句 之定语、分隔结构和as的用法
考研英语、四六级 2011-01-12 18:47:49 阅读4 评论0
三.定语的翻译
3.1 修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长。
定语中后置定语(前置定语较易把握)对长句的理解构成干扰的多,它从属于中心成
分,与被修饰的中心成分构成一个整体。后置定语主要有分词短语(现在分词,过去分词),
不定式短语,介词短语、形容词短语等几种类型。它们反映了一种不同于汉语的思维习惯,
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective
brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(03:63)
强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
方法:
1、划出句子中修饰成分(包括定语和状语,尤其是五种后置定语)
2、插入语前后联在一起读
3、把非谓语动词结构看作一个整体
G:定语的翻译方法
英语的定语与汉语的定语不同,汉语中定语多放在前面,但是英语中
定语即可放前也可放后。
让我们五点去公园散步吧
1)、前置定语——直来直去
94年71题里的:ordinary
things
72题里的:scientific revolution
科技革命,
75题里的:Driving force
2)、后置定语
1). 简单的后置定语——倒转乾坤
the information used
the qualities to be measured 所要测定的特征。
2).复杂的后置定语——一拆为二
当一个单词或是词组的后置定语的意义和结构较为复杂的时候,我们把它倒置放在被修饰的单词或是词组的前面显得过于臃肿,这时我们就要考虑把后置定语拆开单独翻译,这种方法我们称之为:一拆为二
96年的71题:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
其中一些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果,其它原因则是科学领域当中一些特定发展的必然结果,科学在某种程度上是自我发展的。
Cause原因,起因,理由,理想,目标,事业
reasonable的意思有“合理的,有道理的,自然而然的,必然的
a reasonable price 公平的价格
a reasonable man 通情达理的人
Consequences=results结果,后果
particular advances特定的发展
accelerating 加速的,促进的
self-abandoned 自暴自弃的, 放纵的
self-adjusting
self-aware
self-conceit
self-care
self-deceiving
self-defence
self-devotion
self-respect
self-satisfied
self-serving自私的, 自私自利的
selfish
3).多重后置定语——后浪推前浪
比如大家看:
the insights of great men of genius
the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity
part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
典型特征:
A(中心词)+介词(of)+B+介词(of)+C+….
翻译技巧:后浪推前浪
the insights of great men of genius 天才伟人的真知灼见
the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity 有关相对效度的经验证据
:part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
99年翻译题74
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。
举例:the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds:各种各样的科技工作者的努力。
四、插入语
英语中的插入语表示说话人的态度和看法,解释或是说明整个句子而不是某个词。插入结构与句中其他成分在语法上并无十分密切的关系,一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开,可以位于句首,句中,或是句尾。插入语可以是副词,形容词短语,介词短语,不定式短语,分词短语或者主谓结构等等。
例:While warnings are often appropriate and necessary---the dangers of drug interactions,
for example---and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they
actually protect the manufactures and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
虽然(商品)警示通常是正确且必要的,例如药品副作用的危险性,而且许多警示是遵
照州或国家法规的要求,然而一旦顾客受伤,这些警示实际上是否能使生产商和销售商
免于责任却不清楚。
方法:1,插入语的翻译技巧——前置原则。一般情况下,插入语的汉语译文要放在所修饰的句子的最前边来翻译。某些修饰个别词汇的插入语则要放在该词的前面来翻译。
33. At the same time, the American Law Institute –---a group of judges, lawyers, and
academics
the law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them
with a lengthy list of possible ones.
同时,由法官、律师和那些权威的学者们组成的美国法律协会公布了新的法律方针。
它声明对于显而易见的危险,公司不必警示顾客或不必用一长串可能发生的危险来恐
吓顾客。
五、词组分割或从句与先行词的分割结构
分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开, 一部分留在句子
的原来位置, 另一部分远离原来位置。
常见的分割结构形式有:同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割, 定语或and 定语从句
与先行词的分割, 主语与谓语的分割, 谓语与宾语的分割。分割结构的存在说明了英语在
结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性, 但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。
对于分割结构, 只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误。
如:
1.After Galileo's works the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.(同位语从句与先行词的分割)
方法:1) 英语的分隔是遵循尾重原则(即应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末, 从而使结构平衡匀称, 以避免主语部分太长, 谓语部分太短),
1) 翻译时先找到被分割的部分,将两部分连接起来。
2) 标志:名词 +修饰成分+从句; 名词+动词+从句
2.Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强, 即并非和平利
用核能正危害着人类的生存。
3. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multisystem
entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some
things.
这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体, 其中一些国家对每一件事都表示
赞同, 而另一些则不尽然;更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和
已经加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。
六,并列成分
1,
实战:
1)词的并列(名词、动词、形容词、介词等)
标志:of, by ,and ,or , doing,
1. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
这一现象使得人们对小型经济实体和民族企业家的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定产生
了严重的忧虑
G:role of ,of and the stability of 三个成分并列。Of 是标志。
2. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble
qualities than anything /you could learn from a book.
实用性、常识以及与生俱有的智力这些素质一直被看作是比可以从书本里学到的任何
东西都要高贵的品质。
G: anything you could learn from a book.(名名+动:定语从句的省略)
2)短语的并列
Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.
当火灾发生时,保持镇静,不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥,这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。
G:标志 instead of (结构表并列,译成而不是)。三个动名词并列做主语。
The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
许多美国人随意表现出来的友好态度不应看作是在表面应付或故作姿态,而应当视为
历史发展形成的一种文化传统。
G:标志:neither nor, but.三个as 结构并列。
猜词:casual friendliness—superficial & artificial
虚构明星是肤浅;虚构艺术是做作。(fiction:小说,虚构的事儿)
3)句子并列
A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together
nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to
remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
另一相当类似的分化过程导致全国专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的团
体,而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中,要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
G: whereas(而),either or
真题演练:
And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
G: neither nor; 三个that做宾语。phobic people(猜词:总分式:三个that从句)
译:朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者,使他们相信多数动物对人无害,数以千计的旅行者每日都安全飞行,数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。
Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection
许多工人情愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作,而不愿意去面对(再找工作时)可能会遇到的拒绝。
G:rather than, jobs they are too old for(定语从句的省略)
七、分词
一、分词
分词的考点主要有两个:其一,在成分复杂的句子里,有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混,造成句子主干的判断错误。其二,带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限定性定语从句和插入语一样需要有逗号同句子的其他成分分开,因此常会误认为是非限定性定语或插入语。
实战:
1, The camera, loaded with film and ready to use, sold for $25
已装好胶卷、随时可用的相机以25美元的价格出售
G:分词短语loaded和形容词短语ready并列做camera的定语。(v+ed)
2, Spending all their time working to a rigid curriculum, the passing of examinations by their pupils gradually became the whole object of their working life.
G: spending all their time working to a rigid curriculum (现在分词短语做原因状语,相当于原因状语从句) the passing of examinations (动句词短语做主语)
他们把自己的全部时间都花在按照刻板的课程表进行教学,让学生能通过考试已逐渐成为他们自己教书生涯的全部目标。
3, Freed from TV, forced to find their activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset.
如果他们不看电视而不得不另寻自己的活动,他们可能会一起驱车去看日落。
G: Freed from TV, forced to find their activities 都是过去分词,起条件句的作用。
(分词短语做伴随状语相当于句子,其主语与主句的主语一致)
4, In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
数理课上占主导地位的课堂教学方法通常是传统式的,教师一板一眼地讲,学生则边听边记笔记。
G:现在分词的独立结构(现在分词或带有其逻辑主语),常用作状语,置于句首或句尾,偶尔也置于句中。(The question being settled , we went home)
5, He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
他坐在他们前面一动不动,穿着一套不合身的便服,风尘满面,让人看不出他的年纪。
G: dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving:过去分词,现在分词和独立主格。都做伴随状语。