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突破长难句之复合句

(2011-03-16 11:16:15)
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杂谈

突破长难句之复合句

考研英语、四六级 2011-01-15 09:41:10 阅读3 评论0   字号: 订阅

 

突破长难句

一、     长难句的特点

英语长难句,一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的

关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。理解、翻译长难句,重点应主要放在对各种从

句的翻译上。从功能上来说,英语有三大复合句,即: ① 名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾

语从句、表语从句和同位语从句; ② 形容词性从句,即平常所说的定语从句; ③ 状语从句

例:In Africa I met a boy,who was crying as if his heart would break and said,when I spoke to him,that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.

二、英汉语序的规律

英语语序规律是向右、向句尾扩展,而汉语语序规律是向左、向句首扩展。英语主要

表现是(即修饰语)后置,定语从句后置,状语从句后移,倒装句多等。

汉语语序规律图

← ← ← ← ← ← 中心语句

这本书很有趣。

我昨天买的这本书很有趣。

我昨天在新华书店买的这本书很有趣。

我昨天在新华书店花10 元钱买的这本书很有趣。

我昨天下雨时在新华书店花10 元钱买的这本书很有趣。

英语语序规律图:

中心词句→ → → → → →

This book is very interesting.

This book I bought is very interesting.

This book I bought yesterday is very interesting.

This book I bought in Xinhua Bookstore yesterday is very interesting.

This book I bought at 10 Yuan in Xinhua Bookstore yesterday is very interesting.

This book I bought at 10 Yuan in Xinhua Bookstore when it was raining yesterday is very interesting.

英汉叙事的顺序:

I felt very bad when you saw me yesterday because I had had a bad cold.

上述定语后置表明,英语语序的规律是向右开放,即向句尾开放、扩展、延长,英语许

多修饰词、修饰句一般放在被修饰词之后。而且英语向右延伸的能力很大。而汉语则相反。

从语句结构上讲,英语习惯句子平衡,凡是字数多或句法结构复杂的成分,都放在句末,

即向后移,讲究头轻脚重。

二,方法

2.1复合句 :看连词,分从句

1,  确定主从句:利用“连词与动词配比原则”,理清从句的嵌套结构。

2,  确定从句的类别:区分是名词从句、定语从句还是状语从句

3,  确定从句的修饰关系:对于定语从句和同位语从句,要搞清楚修饰哪个名词;对于状语从句,要搞清楚修饰哪个动词。

4,  重点关注两个分隔结构:“先行词+其他成分+定语从句”和“先行词+其他成分+同位语从句”。

方法:“连词与动词配比原则”:每一个从句的连接词对应一个从句的谓语动词。事实上,一个复杂的主从复合句是由一个主句带多个从句构成的。因此,在英语句子中,谓语动词的个数一定是多于连词个数的,且是多出一个,即主句的谓语动词。这样,在分析句子结构时,我们可以先找到句中的连词,再找与之对应的从句的谓语动词; 或者先找谓语再找对应的连词。当我们把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚后,整个难句的结构也就迎刃而解了。

例:This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands /that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment/ cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

G:1)先找出谓语动词。由于began前没有连词,所以began是主谓。因此,主句是This trend began during the Second World War。

2)根据“配比原则”三个连词必然有三个谓语和三个从句。

1, when several governments came to the conclusion

 2, That the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail (同位)

 3, That a government wants to make of its scientific establishment (定语)

G:

  名词+that从句(定语从句that是代词;同位是连词)

   When 引导时间状语从句时译为当…..时候,且前置;如果是定语从句,则译为“当时”

3)修饰关系

 When引导的定语从句修饰时间短语the Second World War;同位语从句补充说明先行

词conclusion;后一个定语从句,修饰先行词demands.

4)译文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

难点:

  分隔结构:

英语的分隔是遵循尾重原则(即应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末, 从而使结构平衡匀称, 以避免主语部分太长, 谓语部分太短)。常见的从句分隔结构有定语从句与先行词被分隔,同位语从句与先行词被分隔。这就容易导致修饰关系上的误判。

例: After Galileo's works the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.(同位语从句与先行词的分割)

 在伽利略著作之后, 这样的认识加强了, 即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律, 这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling 和that 从句被分隔)

 G:feeling 后连两个并列的同位语从句。

结构:先行词+谓语+同位语从句

具体类型:

一,    先行词+其他成分+同位语从句

这里的“其他成分”主分有两种:一类是先行词的定语;一类是句子的谓语。

1,  名词+定语+that+陈述句

如果一个名词面即有定语,又有同位语从句,通常是定语在前,同位从句在后,这样就形成了先行词与同位语从句被定语分隔的结构。

例:The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court.

G: statement:先行词;by the driver of the vehicle:定语;that he did not see the lorry,补充说明statement的同位语从句。

译:该汽车司机说自己没有看见卡车,但法庭对此并不相信。

2,  名词+谓语+that+陈述句

如果一个名词作主语,并且它后边还带有一个同位语从句,此时,我们通常把这个同位语从句置于谓语后边,而不是放在名词的后边,因而造成先行名词与同们语从句的被分隔,结构是“作主语的先行词+谓语+同位语从句”。

Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

G: Concerns 与同位语从句that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 被谓语分开。

3, Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6months old.

G:先行词Evidence 与同位语从句,被 谓语分隔。这里that 不是宾语从句,因为came up 不能带宾语。

   译:人们日益提心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大其词,以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪判决。

二、先行词+其他成分+定语从句

  其他成分:先行词的某个定语;句中的状语;句中的谓语。

1,  先行词+其他定语+定语从句

The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved I n the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.

G:这里的先行词elements 带有后置定语,然后再接定语从句that are usable by the plant,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。

另,before they can be taken into the root,译成只有。。。才

译:土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的,它们只有溶于土壤溶液后,才能为植物的根系的吸收。

2,  先行词+状语+定语从句

As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(05,P4)

G: language or dialect与that cannot convey complex ideas(定语从句)被in the world分隔。

译:作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括 非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都可以明确地表情达意--世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。

3,  作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句

It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.(96)

G:这里的that 引导的是一个主语从句,其中主语是questions,后面接一个which will require specific scientific answers (定语从句),二者被谓语分隔开

译:不过,可以预见的是,将来会经常有问题出现,需要科学给出特定的回答。

练习:

While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline----after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s----and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

尽管在美国这一趋势是由于经济衰退而开始的---八十年代末企业规模的减小所导致的

大量人员多余----这一趋势也与英国的节俭理念有关,至少在我认识的中产阶级中过减慢生

活节奏的人当中是这样,但是我们对生活简约化有不同的理由。

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