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[转载]现代德语和古英语像孪生兄弟——动词变化比较(死背单词是学外语的大敌)

(2015-12-18 17:05:51)
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现代德语和古英语像孪生兄弟——动词变化比较(死背单词是学外语的大敌)

Learning how to conjugate verbs is essential for learning any language, including German.

It may not be anyone's favorite thing, but if you want to avoid what I call "Tarzan German," you need to deal with the grammar of verbs.

While over the centuries English gradually dropped most of its verb endings (except for the -(e)s ending in the 3rd person singular), German and most other languages have a different ending for just about every "person" — first ("I") through third (he / she /it).

古英语原来也有德语类似的动词变化,只是逐步简化了,到现在只剩下一个第三人称单数现在式。而德语中,则保留第一、二、三人称单数现在式和第二人称复数几种变化。

 

But once you've learned this pattern for one verb, you know the pattern for all "regular" German verbs.

但是,您只要掌握spielen一个动词的变化,就可以了解德语中所有规则动词的变化。

请和我们一起大概地认识一下德语动词spielen

强烈建议您牢记:死记硬背是学习外语的死敌。当您把外语单词拆解成各自独立的字母去“背”,就基本上已经注定终身都无法解决“识字”问题。

德语动词spielen是由名词Spiel加后缀-en构成:

【德语】spielen  v. 玩。表演。参与。(spiel+en

【德语】Spiel  [das] 游戏。运动。竞赛。比赛。 pl.Spiele

-el是古英语、德语名词后缀,在现代英语中变化为-le。而现代英语中的后缀-el是拉丁语的指小后缀。

也就是说,spielen这个德语动词,您要重点记忆的只是spi-。您可能听说过著名的电影导演“斯皮尔伯格”:

斯蒂芬·艾伦·斯皮尔伯格KBE(英语:Steven Allan Spielberg19461218~),生于美国辛辛那提市犹太人美国著名电影导演编剧电影制作人、慈善家,主要导演作品包括《侏罗纪公园》、《辛德勒的名单》和《拯救大兵瑞恩》等多部影史经典。

 

Spielberg斯皮尔伯格)是由两个德语单词构成,Spiel刚才介绍过,我们再来认识一下Berg

Berg  [der] 山。岳。山脉。

新概念英语第3册的第10课中有这样一句:

Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic,  a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout. 

“泰坦尼克”起航后的第4天,它正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海面上。突然,了望员发现一座冰山。 

这里的iceberg是由英语的ice(冰)和德语中的Berg(山)构成。

【英语】iceberg[5aisbE^]n.冰山, 冷冰冰的人(ice+berg

【德语】Eisberg  [der] 冰山。(Eis+Berg

我相信,绝大多数的小朋友看到这里都能猜出来,Eis在德语中表“冰”:

【德语】Eis  [das] 冰。

英语中的play可以作名词,也可以作动词:

【英语】play[plei]n.游戏, 比赛, 运动, 赌博, 剧本v., 扮演, 播放, 进行比赛

而德语中的Spiel是名词,而spielen是动词。

英语中的动词play的变化十分简单(只要注意第三人称单数现在式是plays就可以了)。

而德语中的spielen的变化则复杂一些。前面说,您只要能搞清楚这一个动词的变化,也就基本上可以搞清楚所有德语规则动词的变化。

Look at the following English vs. German comparison:

PERSON

ENGLISH

DEUTSCH

SINGULAR

1st erste

I play

ich spiele

2nd zweite

you play
(thou
playest)*

du spielst

3rd dritte

he/she/it plays

er/sie/es spielt

PLURAL

1st erste

we play

wir spielen

2nd zweite

you play

ihr spielt

--

you (formal) play

Sie spielen**

3rd dritte

they play

sie spielen

*Old English made a distinction between "you" and "thou" that has been lost in modern English.

古英语中,区别youthou。而古英语中的thou相当于德语中的du

古英语中的thou的变化和现代德语中的du是一样的。

The endings for "thou" were the same as those for German du, and the two pronouns are close relatives.
thou[
Tau]pron.(pl. ye)[古、诗], , [第二人称、单数、主格; 所有格为 thy thine, 宾格为 thee, 物主代词为 thine](现仅用于祈祷、诗、方言)(基督教公谊会教徒(Quakers)常用以代 you, 但有时也用 thee )

 

**The pronoun Sie (formal "you") has a plural conjugation even though it can refer to one or more persons.

We can see that German has more verbs endings than English, but another thing the chart above shows us: some of the German verb endings are repeated.

We find the -en ending being used for wir, sie (pl.) and Sie.

In fact, the only pronoun in the plural that takes an ending other than -en is ihr (you guys).

 

Also, both er and ihr take a -t ending.

事实上,您只要能搞清楚德语动词的三种单数人称时的变化就等于基本搞定了所有的人称和数的变化。——复数中的第二人称的变化是加-t,和第三人称单数是一样的。另外,拉丁语中表第三人称单数的动词后缀也是-t

 

Learn these endings for spielen and you've learned the endings for 95% of German verbs.

现代放心了吧,德语中动词的的规则变化并不复杂。我们只要坚持在阅读中记忆单词、学语法。接下来的任务就会像智力游戏。

While there are some exceptions that we cover elsewhere, if you know the above endings, you pretty much have the present tense licked.

Even the group of German verbs known as "stem-changing" still uses the same endings as spielen and the other regular verbs.

就算是那些“词根变化”的动词依然会使用和spielen同样的后缀。

 

We show you how that works in Lesson 4.2 ("Introduction to the Present Tense Indicative") of our German for Beginners course. (The first part of that lesson deals with the important irregular verbs "haben" and "sein".)

Anyone working on the German verbs in the present tense will also find our new 50 Common German Verbs chart invaluable. On that page you'll find 50 of the most-used verbs in German and English with sample sentences in the present tense. After you feel familiar enough with the present tense of regular verbs, try our self-scoring Present Tense Verb Quiz 1.

 

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