名词性从句

基本概念：

复合句：由主句和从句构成

复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只能用作句子的一个成分。

复合句的种类：（主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句）名词从句、定语、状语从句

在句子中起到名词作用的从句成为名词从句，根据他们在句子中所占的语法成分可分为: 主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句。由于名词性从句和名词的作用一致因此可以在句子中担当：主语，表语，宾语，介词宾语

1. 连词：连词只起到连接的作用，在从句中不占任何成分他们有：that（本身没有意义），whether，if（一般只用与宾语从句），as if（用于表语从句）

  That china has the largest population is a fact

  I don’t know whether/if this book is yours

He looks as if he has succeed

注意：if（一般只用与宾语从句）

[误] If he is an engineer is unknown.  [正] Whether he is an engineer is unknown.

2. 连接代词：what（什么…指物）   whatever（无论什么）   who（谁的主格）   whoever（无论谁）   whom(谁的宾格)   whose（谁的-所有格）   which（哪个/些…指物）他们除了起到连接作用外，还在从句中担当相应的语法成分如：主语、宾语、定语、表语

  The question is who told him the news（  ）

  Who will go is still a problem（  ）

  We don’t know whose father is a doctor. （  ）

  Do you remember what he said in the meeting（  ）

3. 连接副词：when（时间），where（地点），why+结果（或原因），because（原因）how（方式）他们除了起到连接作用外，还在从句中担当状语和表语

  We don’t know when the meeting is.

  This is where we spend our summer holiday.

  No one tells me why he was so angry.

  How we go to the museum is still not decided.

  That is because you are late.

注意：在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义，例如：

The problem is what he has done to the little boy.

一、主语从句

主语从句：他的位置与陈述句中主语的位置一致，起到句子主语的作用。

That he can’t come to my birthday party is a pity.（    ）

Whether he will come to my birthday party is not clear.（      ）

Who did the job is unknown（      ）

Whom he invited was John （       ）

Whoever is right is not important （       ）

What he said in the meeting is very important （       ）

Whatever he said is not true （       ）

Whose father is a doctor is unknown.

Why he is angry is not clear （      ）

When he will come is still not clear.（        ）

Where we will spend our summer holiday has not been decided yet. （         ）

How we go to the museum is still a problem.（          ）

Why the sun is bigger in the morning than in the afternoon is very interesting.

注意【1】：单个从句作主语，与动名词、不定式作主语一样，谓语用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。 例如：

Where and when he was born has not been found.

When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.

注意【2】名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常为单数形式。但与what引导的主语从句相对应的表语为可数名词复数时, 谓语动词却常为复数形式

[误] What he needs are enough time and what I need is enough books.

[正] What he needs is enough time and what I need are enough books.

主语从句放在句首显得非常笨重，因此经常把主语从句放在句末用形式主语it来代替它，其中that 引导的主语从句这种用法尤为多见：

It is strange that he didn’t come yesterday.

It is a pity that Mr. yang can’t come to our party.

有些用‘it’ 做形式主语的结构已经成为固定用法，常见的形式有：

It + be + adj. + that-clause

It + be + P.P.+ that-clause

It + be + n.+ that-clause

It + vi + that-clause

1. It + be + adj.+ that-clause

It is necessary that…有必要……

 It is important that…重要的是……

 It is clear that…很明显……

2. It + be + n. + that-clause

 It is common knowledge that… ……是常识

 It is a surprise that…      令人惊奇的是……

 It is a fact that…      事实是……

 It is a question that…     问题是…..

3. It + be + P.P. + that-clause

It is believed that…      人们相信（认为）……

   It is known to all that…      众所周知……

 It has been decided that…   已决定……

   It is said that…      据说…..

 It was told that…     有人曾说….

4. It + vi + that-clause

It seems that …      似乎……

 It happens that…      碰巧……

二、表语从句

表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句系动词之后结构为：主语+系动词+表语从句

1. My suggestion is that you should make good use of your time.

2. Why I didn’t go to USA was that I got a new job in china.

3. The question is whether I can finish my homework on time.

4. That is why she had a day-off yesterday.

连接表语从句的连接词有：that, whether，what, which, whose，who, when, where, why, how.

1、连词 that、whether、as if、as though，because，
1）His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

2）What I mean is that we should help each other.
3）What I want to know is whether he likes the gift given by us.
4）The reason is that I missed the bus.

5）It seemed as if（though） the end of the world had come.

It seems like you’re catching a cold, Taylor.

6）It looks as if it is going to rain tonight.

7）It is because he doesn’t know her.

注意【1】：主语为reason时,与reason意义相当的表语从句只能用that引导,不能用because引导。但是在“It/This/That is ... ”后面可以用because引导表语从句

[误] The reason why he failed in the exam was because he was too careless.

[正] The reason why he failed in the exam was that he was too careless.

注意【2】：why引导主语从句时, 在意义上与之等同的表语从句要用that引导

[误] Why we decided to put off the meeting is because we had some difficulty in preparing it.

[正] Why we decided to put off the meeting is that we had some difficulty in preparing it.

2、连接代词who，what，which，as（那样）

1）He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
2）The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

3）What concerns me most is who will be my teacher next term.

4）China is not what she was yesterday.

5）The question is which we should take.

6）China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer what it used to be.

7）Thing are not always as they seem to be

3、连接副词

1）The question under discussion is where we will hold the meeting .

2）She has stayed where I stood yesterday for an hour.

3）This is when I really get to know Americans.
4）The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

5）Go and get your coat. It is where you left it.

6）We missed the bus, that was why we were late yesterday.

7）The question is how I can make her join us in the party.

三、宾语从句：在句中充当及物动词或介词宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。

I don’t know （that） you will come here

注意：that在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去

I don’t know whether/if he will come.

I want to know whether he will come or not.

Are you talking about whether he will come?

He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.

注意：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与or not连用；作介词宾语只用whether; 从句是否定句时一般用if。

宾语从句中的否定转移

注意：如果宾语从句是由think, believe, imagine, suppose等词的宾语时，要将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中去

我认为他不会来这里

I think he won’t come here.              ( X  )

I don’t think he will come here.            (√ )

宾语从句中用it作形式宾语

注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，把从句放在宾补后面。主语 + 谓语动词 + it + 宾补(形容词或名词) + 宾语从句”

[误] I’ll make known to all that you are not honest.

[正] I’ll make it known to all that you are not honest.

We think it our duty that we should help others.

I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.

练习：

1. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ________.

A. who is he B. who he is C. who are they D. who it is

2. _____she couldn’t understand was ____fewer and fewer students were interested in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that

3. -We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.  ________ has happened to her?
A. Do you think that  B. What do you think   C. Do you think that  D. What you think

4. I don’t care ________ she has no money. I care ________ she is honest or not.

A. if; when B. whether; that C. if; whether D. what; if

5. The child is always lying, so none of us will believe ________ he says.
A. whatever B. no matter what C. how D. which

6. The fact troubles me so much ________ I have been unable to pass the driving test up to now.
A. which B. because C. why D. that

7. See to ________ the children don’t catch cold. （see to it that=sure that）
A. it what B. it that C. what D. that

8. He, ________ is playing an important part, is well-known to us all.
A. that who B. those who C. who that D. who

9. It matters little ________ a man dies, but ________ matters so much more is ________ he lives.
A. how; what; how B. how; it; how  C. why; it; why D. which; what; that

10. Pointing to the house, he said, "This is ________ I used to live when I was young."
A. when B. what C. that  D. where

11. After ten years, he had changed a lot and looked different from ________ he used to be.
A. why B. which C. what D. who

12. Father made a promise ________ I passed the examination, he would buy me a bicycle.
A. that B. if that C. whether D. that if

13. -What about the speech he made this afternoon? ________ he said so must be quite encouraging, I think.   A. What B. That C. / D. All

14. There are signs ________ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. in which B. which C. that D. whose

15. Because they usually receive the same score on standardized exams, there is often disagreement as to ________ is the better student, Bob or Helen.
A. who B. where C. when D. whose

16. Scientists believe native Americans arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia and ________ more than 10,000 years ago.
A. this is Alaska B. Alaska is now   C. is now Alaska D. what is now Alaska

17. The boy dived into the water and, after ________ seemed to be a long time, he came up again.
A. what  B. that  C. it  D. which

18. ________ we can pass the coming examination will mainly depend on ________ we learn and ________ we learn it.
 A. Whether; what; how  B That; whether; why   C. If; how; that   D. Why; that; how

19. Although most of them have no doubt ________ he will pass the exam, I still wonder ________ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether  C. that; that D. whether; whether

一、主语从句练习：

1. 他来参加会议是肯定的。

2. 他是否是最好还不清楚。

3. 这件工作是谁干的还不知道。

4. 你说的话非常重要。

5. 她什么时候离开的还不知道。

6. 我们应该去哪上课还不清楚。

7. 他想要的是一本书。

8. 她考得不错让她妈妈很高兴。

9. 我们需要的是你的帮助。

10. 我们是否能去要看天气情况。

11. 回答出问题的人将会受到表扬。

12. 她什么时候去美国还没有定下来。

13. 飞机什么时候起飞还没有宣布。

14. 你所做的事情会伤害到其他人。

15. 我不能理解的是这道题。

连接词练习：that，whether

1. 数学是一门有意思的课是真实。

2. 他是否是我们的英语老师还不清楚。

3. 他是否最好的队员（player）还在讨论当中。

4. 他是我们当中最好的队员已经得到广泛认可。

连接代词练习：what，who，whom，which，whose

1. 谁是我们的中文老师是一个秘密。

2. 你所需要的是更多的练习。

3. 我想要知道的就是这事。

4. 谁将赢得这场比赛还不明了。

5. 我们为谁工作并不重要。

6. 你所说的非常正确。

7. 哪一个是最好的由你决定。

8. 谁的计划更好还没有讨论。

连接副词：when ，where，how，how many，how much

1. 会议什么开始还没有通知。

2. 我们去什么地方过暑假还没有决定下来。

3. 他怎样到的这里还不清楚。

4. 你钱包里面有多少钱无关紧要。

5. 你们班有多少个学生是学校安排的。

Exercises:

1. Who will go to the concert is not known.

2. What we need is more time.

3. Where will they go is not known.

4. Where will they hold the meeting is not known.

5. Why he was late for class is not clear.

6. Which kinds of books they will buy needs considering.

7. Whether he will come to see me doesn’t matter   much.

二、表语从句练习

1. 他真正的意思是他不同意我们。

 

2. 真正重要的是我们一定不能迟到。

 

3. 问题是我们能否通过这次考试。

 

4. 让我们吃惊的是他所说的话。

 

5. 看起来天要下雪了。

 

6. 这就是我们要找的东西。

 

7. 我想要知道是你们为什么迟到了

 

8. 问题是谁做了这件事情。

 

9. 问题是我们什么时候才能到达。

 

10. 这就是我们的问题所在。

 

11. 那是因为他错过了火车。

三、宾语从句练习：

I want to know what he has told you.

She always thinks of how she can work well.

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.

I don’t care about whether you have money or not.

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

We don’t believe that he will win the game.