概述

一．CET-4写作要求

《大学英语四级考试大纲》规定：写作 (Writing)部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。

考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。

二．CET-4评分原则

（1）CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分，不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

（2）从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成了理解上的障碍。针对这些原则， 学生在写作中要注意：

1. 重视内容和语言

2. 尽量避免语法错误

3. 语言要有闪光点

三．CET-4评分标准．

(1)本题满分为15分。

(2)阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。

(3)阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照阅卷评分，如果认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，则定为该分数(即8分)；如果认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加减半分。

(4)评分标准：

2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。

5分--基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。

8分--基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严重错误。

11分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误。

注：白卷、作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达，则给0分。

 (5)字数不足应酌情扣分：

累 计 字 数	CET-4	110-119	100-109	90-99	80-89	70-79	60-69	50-59	<49
扣1分		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	9

此外，对于规定三段的作文，只写一段者得0-4分，只写两段者得0-7分。

注：1.如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。

  2. 规定的内容未写全者,按比例扣分。     3．如果扣为0分，要慎重处理

 

 应试策略与解题思路

 

一．四级写作临考建议

1. 先死后活 

“死”是指熟记模板及范文。对于每种题型的作文，考生应熟记其模板，并背诵2-3篇。“活”是指用活的句型和活的语言。在准备阶段，考生应把“死”的模板和“活”的句型联系起来。

2. 对症下药

   考生在熟读几篇范文后，可以把范文默写下来，在与原文相对照，会发现和原文有出入的地方，其中有些错误是考生的写作弱点，发现这些弱点，考生可以有针对性地进行准备。这样逐个突破可以受到事半公倍的效果。

3. 实战演练

    在进行演练时，要注意灵活运用所掌握的范文模板及常用句式，在下笔前好好构思，切忌生搬硬套，以免出现文不对题的情况。

4. 考中建议

   “5—20—5”原则    拿到题目后，用五分钟时间身体并草拟一份较为详细的提纲；然后，用20分钟时间充实提纲，完成作文；最后，用剩下的五分钟通篇检查，修改润色。

 

二、写作基本步骤

第一步，确定各段主题

四级作文的结构比较固定，一般都是三段式。命题要求中大都会给出两到三个中文或英文提纲，但所给提纲只是规定了文章的主要内容，每一个提纲并不等于每一段的主题，考生需要结合文章题目和所给提纲的内容重新确定各段的主题。例如：

Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用。

2.       由此带来的问题。

3.       限制一次性塑料袋。

分析：

第一段主题：描述一次性塑料袋在人们生活中的广泛应用情况。

   第二段主题：指出一次性塑料袋带来的问题和危害。

   第三段主题：阐述限制使用一次性塑料袋的作用和意义。

第二步：列出各段提纲

    确定各段主题以后，不要匆忙动笔，应该在草稿纸或心中将各段要写的内容大致列出，做到心中有数，这样才能新闻流畅，衔接自然。

第三步： 逐一展开段落

一般来说，段落的基本构成包括：主题句，扩展句和结尾句。

第四步：通读全文检查

 

三、常见写作困境及对策

一） 审题

   1. 偏题

   审题时，考生应仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图标、图画、数字等，准确把握出题意图。要了解标题的关键词是什么，要确定写作的重点应放在那个部分，比重如何分配，是否要平均等。但如果没能理解题目的核心，那么按照给出的提纲来写也未必会失分。

   2. 漏点

   漏点，即漏掉提纲中的内容。漏点在学生四级作文中很常见，从而在不够丢分的地方丢分。对此，学生在考试时应仔细审题，严格按照提纲来确定写作内容。

二）衔接与连贯

   1. 语义不连贯

   语义连贯是指文章在内容上是连贯的、统一的，所有的句子都是为全文的中心服务，表达的信息相互关联。就各段而言，其中的每一举火都要仅仅围绕该段的主题句，避免出现与主题句无关的内容。在写作时，要选择那些最能体现文章主题、最具代表型的例子，这些例子要表达一些思想，这样语义才会连贯，文章才会显得一气呵成。

   2. 衔接不当

   衔接得当是保证语义连贯的重要手段之一。文章处理内容要统一，逻辑关系也要紧密相连。在写作时，可以恰当地御用一些关联词或代词，是文章显得逻辑清楚，结构紧凑。

三) 句子

1. 句子不完整

写作不像口头交际，听者可以借助手势、语气、情景等来领悟省略的或不完整的语句。四句写作使用的是书面语，句子必须以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，若句子结构不完整会另意思表达不清。

例如： Because soming will do harm to one’s health. People should try not to smoke.划线部分是句子片段，不能独立成句。出现这种情况的原因可能是考生写到后面时忘了前面的内容，误以为要表达的意思已经全面、结构已经完整，于是开始写新的句子。此句完整的应为：People should avoid smoking cigarettes because it will do harm to their health.

2. 主谓不一致

对中国学生来说，主谓不一致是十分常见的问题，在四句作文中也屡见不鲜。这应当引起考生足够的重视。在平时联系中应有意识地避免出现这样的错误，多通读，多检查，考试时自然就会少犯了。

例如: Average number of hours a student spend on the Internet keeps increasing very fast.应改为：The average hours a student spends on the Internet keep increasing rapidly.

相比之下，由于缺乏语法只是导致主谓不一致的情况要复杂的多，仅仅通过细心检查也不一定能够避免，只有在平时注意积累语法知识，并辅以联系加以巩固，才能减少这样的错误。

3.句子不间断

有的考生习惯在两个简单句之间不用任何关联词，仅用逗号连接，或者前一句还没有结束，下一句就迫不及待地开始了。这种不间断的句子属于语法错误。例如：

I have a brother, he thinks that “6” and “8” are lucky numbers to Chinese people.

两个分句之间缺乏关联此，仅用逗号连接。尽管在现代英语中，用逗号连接两个分句的情况越来越常见，但是在正式的文体中，还是要尽量避免出现此类句子。

I have a brother who thinks that “6” and “8” are lucky numbers to Chinese people.

   4. 时态混乱

   描述过去发生的事情要用过去时，描述一般事实时要用现在时。但由于疏忽或语法知识不牢固，有些考生在写作时经常随意使用时态，使文章令人费解。例如：

There are almost no car on the road. Maybe the drivers got careless.

该剧描述已经发生的一起车祸，然后对事故原因进行推测。时态的混乱使句子表达不合逻辑，令人费解。

There was almost no car on the road at that time, so the driver must have been very careless.

5.    逻辑混乱

逻辑混乱主要有两种表现形式：修饰语错位和悬垂修饰语。

1）修饰语错位

修饰语错位可能是形容词、副词、介词短语、从句等，在文章中应紧跟被修饰成分。在英语中，同一修饰语至于不同的位置，句子的含义可能不同。例如：

She put the scarf around her neck that she bought yesterday.

从句that she bought yesterday 放在her neck后，让人误以为是修饰her neck。

She put around her neck the scarf that she bought yesterday.

2) 悬垂修饰语

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语所修饰的成分没有明确指出，造成句子逻辑关系的混乱。例如：

To do well in college, high marks are essential.

句首To do well in college的逻辑主语含糊不清，显然不应该是high marks，应该改为人作主语。

To do well in college, a student needs high marks.

6. 中式英语

考生作文中经常出现英语汉化的现象，即中式英语的问题。比如Man is iron, and food is steel, Women are half side sky 等说法。如何克服中式思维带来的影响，关键在于动笔前先思考一下类似的英文句式，尽量找到规范的英语表达方式，不能随心所欲。例如：

This is because fake commodities can make a lot of money.

中文口语中，我们用“假货可以赚很多”来表达“通过生产或销售假货，人们可以赚很多钱”的意思。但这不符合英语的表达习惯，fake commodities 作make a lot of money 的逻辑主语，会让人难以理解。

This is because one is likely to make a lot of money by producing or seeling fake commodities.

四）遣词用字

1. 拼写错误

有的考生受以前做客观题的影响，对于词汇，只注意“识别”，不注意“使用”，背单词时不留心，结果在考试中出现很多拼写错误。下面是一些考生常犯的拼写错误和容易混淆的单词。

Enviroment（environment 环境）     goverment（government政府）

Morden（modern 现代的）

{considerate 关心的，考虑周到的    considerable 相当大的，相当多的}

{credible 可信的                   credulous 轻信的}

{economic （有关）经济的           economical 节俭的，经济的}

{historic 有历史意义的             historical（有关）历史的}

{industrious 刻苦的，努力的        industrial 工业的}

{satisfied 满意的                  satistacrory 令人满意的}

{sensible 合理的                    sensitive 敏感的}

{continual 持续的（有间隔）       continuous 持续的（没有间隔）}

{delighted 感到高兴的             delightful 使人高兴的}

{ farther 更远（表示距离）        further更，进一步（表示程度）}

{ imaginary 想象的      imaginative 想象力丰富的   imaginable 可以想象的}

{ respectful 尊敬（人）的     respectable 受人尊敬的   respective各自的}

{tired 疲倦的                 tiresome 令人疲倦的

2. 代词使用错误

考生的作文中经常会出现先行词与代词在数上不一致、代词指代不清以及随意更换代词等错误。

1）先行词与代词在数上不一致

例如： We’re going to face a lot of difficulties, but I believe we’ll overcome it.

先行词difficulties是复数，后半句overcome的宾语是difficulties，应该用复数them来指代。

We’re going to face a lot of difficulties, but I believe we’ll overcome them.

2）代词指代不清

代词指代不清是指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或前后使用的代词不一致。

例如：Mary was friendly to my my sister becarse she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

读完这句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词所指的对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。

Mary was friendly to my my sister becarse she wanted my sisterto be her bridesmaid.

3)  随意更换代词

一篇文章中不能出现太多的人称代词。很多学生在写作文时，随着思路的转换，不断更换文章中的代词，一会用第一人称，一会用第二人称或第三人称，这样容易造成逻辑意义上的混乱。

例如：And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

人称代词we和反身代词yourself前后不一致。

We can also know the society by serving it ourselves

3.其他错误

1）大小写错误

一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名、地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母应大写，书名不能用引号或书名号，而用斜体。

1）冠词用法错误  如：a easy job  an easy job

2）比较级使用错误  如： more better than   better than

3）介词搭配错误  The stamps I have are identical for my brother’s.

                       The stamps I have are identical with my brother’s.

 

四、如何灵活变换句式、瞄准用词亮点，突破高分

灵活变换长句短句、主动被动、强调倒装等给类句式、巧妙运用限定词语、动态名词、抽象名词等亮点词语可为作文锦上添花，为考试博得高分。

一）         组句技巧

1．             句子应紧凑连贯

在写作中可以通过关联词语一道从句或并列句来体现句子的内部关系，也可适当使用粉刺结构和一些独立的短语或是插入与成分来代替从此，此外，句子之间还要注意指代、时态、语态、人称和数等方面的一致。

如：原句： teenagers are pressured by school work and they are also encouraged by their peers, and under these, they resrot to smoking, and sometimes they feel a little guilty.

优化：Pressured by school word and encouraged by theri peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.

2.    句式要有变化

句式的变化会使文章内容丰富、语言生动，如主动句和被动句的搭配使用、适当穿插倒装句和强调句等特殊句式。加入插入语，非谓语动词，谚语格言等都是制造亮点句式的好方法。另外，不要一味地使用常见的“主语+谓语”的开头方式，可以适当搭配一分词、副词等开头的句式。如：

原句：They say that people obtain most of their knowledge through reading extensively.

优化：They say that it is through reading extensively that people obtain most of their knowledge.

3.    句子表达要简洁

只要意思表达清楚，多余的词语就没有必要。有时考生未来凑字数，加上了一些不必要的成分，导致语义含混不清，啰嗦冗长。如：

原句： I think Gone with the Wind is one of those good films which I enjoyed watching very much.

优化： Gone with the wind is a film I enjoyed very much.

    4.长短句要结合

在写作中，一味地采用长句或短句都是不可取的，要将简单句和带有衔接词的复杂句交替使用，这样才能使文章句式丰富，富有节奏感。

5.少用问句，尽量不用感叹句和祈使句

有些考生喜欢开篇问一连串的问题，想以此引起阅卷老师的注意。一般来说，一篇作文中偶尔出现1-2个问句，太多会使得其反。

感叹句和祈使句多用于口语之中，不太适宜在四级的书面写作中出现。尽管在抒发感情和发出呼吁时也可使用，但多数考生对这两种句式的把握能力不够，因此建议考生尽量不要使用。

二）         用词原则

1.    用词要简洁

能一个词表达清楚的意思，就不要加上多余的成分，另外还要注意不要造成意义上的重复累赘。如：

原句：What you have done is illegal under the law.

 优化：What you have done is illegal.

2.    用词要多样

注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇，可适当转换程同义词或短语。也不要一味地使用同一种词性，要学会使用不同的词性。

3.    多用朴素、易懂的词

太多生僻或华丽的辞藻很容易使阅卷老师困惑，起到负面作用。学生本身也容易使用不当。

4.    多用具体的词

如果词的概括性太强，往往让人觉得抽象、笼统，会给人模糊不清的感觉 ，词义比较具体的词会使表达更加准确生动。

5.    注意使用限定词

在写作时适当使用限定词来修饰可以使论述更加客观、适度，避免观点的绝对化。如：

原句：In general, young people weem more prone job-hopping.

优化： Nowadays the increasingly severe employment situation is perhaps the biggest challenge facing college students.

 

五、各类作文结构

四级作文主要涉及两个方面：一是与学生学习、生活相关的话题；二是与人们生活息息相关以及有关社会发展变化的热点话题。从体裁来看，四级作文主要以议论文和说明文为主，主要包括图表阐释类、说明现象类、对策方法类、对比分析类和观点论证类，叙事类和应用文。

1.                   图表阐释类作文结构

图表阐释类作文一般需要考生描述图表或图画中的数据或画面，解释这些数据或画面反映出的裱花、现象或问题，并对其产生的原因、影响或存在的问题进行分析说明。例：

Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do Athletes and entertainers Deserve Such High Salaries?. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the chart and the outline (given in Chinese) below:

 

1.       对表格内容进行描述

2.       说明出现这种现象的原因

3.       你的观点

下图为2007年福布斯中国名人榜部分收入排名

 

姓名	姚明	刘翔	巩俐	刘嘉玲	胡军	余华
职业	运动员	运动员	演员	演员	演员	作家
排名	1	4	5	8	9	96

 

 

结构公式陈列

第一段 概述图表 1.From the chart/graph/table/picture,we clearly learn that总述现象、变化或问题。2.图表中初期的数据或情况。3.However, 图表中数据或情况的变化。	第一段 概述图表 1.     主题句：概括图表所反映的总体现象、变化或问题。 2.     扩展句一：概述图表中显示的初期的数据或情况 3.     扩展句三：概述图表中数据或情况的变化
第二段 说明原因 4.The following reasons can account for现象、变化或问题。5.First of all/ To begin with,第一点原因。6. What is more/Moreover,第二点原因。7.In addition/Besides第三点原因。	第二段 说明原因 4.     主题句：引出下文对原因的说明。 5.     扩展句一：说明第一点原因。 6.     扩展句二：说明第二点原因。 7.     扩展句三：说明第三点原因。
第三段 说明影响、问题或表达观点 8.From my point of view/As for me, “我“的思考或看法。9.可能的影响、问题或注意事项一。10.Besides，可能的影响、问题或注意事项。11. Therefore/To conclude,作出总结。	第三段 说明影响、问题或表达观点 8.     主题句：“我”的思考或看法。 9.     扩展句一：第一点影响、问题或注意事项 10.  扩展句二：第二点影响、问题或注意事项 11.  结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。

参考范文

DoAthletes and entertainers Deserve Such High Salaries? From the chart above we can see that athletes and entertainers earn much more than writers. Yao Ming, as the most famous basketball star, is the rechest while the famous writerYu Hua has lagged far behind. The major reason for this phenomenon is that athletes and entertainers get more attention from the public than the writers, and by taking advantages of their fames they can earn money through ads very easily. As we know, writers cannot be more popular than sports or movie stars. Mayve some people think that this is unfair, for in their opinion, scholars should earn more than stars. But I don’t think so. First, the stars’ salary is just an indication of their hard work and fierce competition; and what’s more, the stars’ splendid career is rather short and many of them have to retire even before theri thirties. Finally, the stars bring us so much pleasure and fun, and release us form stressful life. To sum up, they indeed deserve what they have got.

点评 这是一篇图表作文题。文章第一段描述表格，得出结论：体育、娱乐明星收入远远超过作家。 第二段具体分析了产生这种现象的原因。注意The reason for sth. Is that 结构，用来陈述原因。 第三段进行总结，说明明星获得高收入的原因，指出他们对此当之无愧。 注意连接词First, what’more,Finally,To sum up的使用，使得文章结构更加紧凑，行文流畅。

 

2.                   说明现象类作文结构

说明现象类作文一般是需要考生描述所给提纲中反映出的现象的总体情况，对该现象的原因、相关因素或影响进行解释说明，并分析该现象中可能存在的问题或将来的发展趋势。

例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of The Celevration of Western Festivals. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       现在国内有不少人喜欢过西方的某些节日。

2.       产生这种现象的原因。

3.       这种现象可能带来的影响。

结构公式陈列

第一段       描述现象 1. nowadays/In recent years, 概述现象。2. 现象表现。3.In addition/Also, 进一步描述现象表现或变化。	第一段       描述现象 1.       主题句：概括指出现象 2.       扩展句一：现象的具体表现或变化 3.       扩展句二：进一步说明现象的表现或变化
第二段       说明原因 4. Many different reasons contribute to 该现象。/There are many different factors决定该现象。5. Among them, 第一点原因或因素play/plays a critical role. 6. Moreover,第二点原因或因素。7. Besides, 第三点原因或因素 或说明影响 4. 该现象has brought great influence on影响对象。5. firstly，第一点影响。6.secondly，第二点影响。7. Finally，第三点影响。	第二段说明原因 4.       主题句：引出下文对原因的说明。 5.       扩展句一：说明第一点原因 6.       扩展句二：说明第二点原因 7.       扩展句三：说明第三点原因 或说明影响 1.主题句：引出下文对影响的说明 2.       扩展句一：说明第一点影响 3.       扩展句二：说明第二点影响 4.       扩展句三：说明第三点影响
第二段       总结评述 8. In my opinion/As for me, 本人对现象的总结或述评。9.具体作出评述.10 进一步作出评述.11. 作出总结。	第三段 总结评述 5.       主题句：可能现象的发展趋势或利或弊评述，或是本人对现象的看法。 6.       扩展句一：具体评述 7.       扩展句二：进一步评述 8.       结尾句：总结全文（有时可以略去

 

参考范文

In recent years many Chinese people like to celebrate western festivals. Even some yongsters are paying （1①）as great attention to Christmas （1②）as our Spring Festival.（2①） In addition, other western festivals, like April Fool’s day and Valentine’s Day, are very popular among Chinese people. （3）Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. Among them, relaxing and comfortable atmosphere from western festivals plays a critical role.(2②) Moreover, more and more Chinese people begin to learn English,（4） which provides them with more chances（5） to be exposed to western culture and festivals. （2③）Besides, many businessmen desperately try to boost the atmosphere of foreign festivals to attract more customers. （6）As far as I am concerned, our paying too much attention to western festibals will（7） bring some side effects. The popularity of western festivals（8） to some extent has influence our traditions. （2④）Therefore, I suggest that people should（9①） not（10） be immersed too much in the western festivals （9②）but ignore Chinese traditional festivals.

点评 （1）       意为“或...一样”，同级比较 （2）       衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。 （3）       益处原因重用句式 （4）       Which引导非限制性定于从句。 （5）       意为“暴露于”。 （6）       用于引出个人观点。 （7）       意为“带来负面影响” （8）       意为“在某种程度上 （9）       意为“不是......而是.....”，连接并列结构。 （10）   意为“过分沉浸在...中”。

 

3.                   对策方法类作文结构

对策方法类作文一般需要考生描述提纲中所反映的问题，说明问题的危害和解决问题的必要性，然后针对该问题提出应对策略或解决方法。

例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Getting to Know the World outside the Campus. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       大学生了解社会的必要性。

2.       了解社会的途径（大众传媒、社会服务等）.

3.       你打算怎么做。

结构公式陈列

第一段 提出问题 1.提出问题。2.问题的重要性或危害性。3.Besides/additionally,进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害。4.Therefor/No doubt, it is very important/necessary/urgent for问题涉及的对象to learn how to解决该问题	第一段 提出问题 1.     主题句：概括提出问题。 2.     扩展句一：指出问题的严重性或危害性。 3.     扩展句二：进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害性。 4.     结尾句：承上启下，表达解决问题的必要性，引出解决方法。
第二段 说明方法 5.The following ways are effective in解决问题。/There are many ways which can be adopted to 解决问题。/The following factors play an important role in解决问题。6.Firstly, 第一点方法。7.Secondly,第二点方法。8. Finally,第三点方法。	第二段 说明方法 5.     主题句：引出问题的解决方法或决定因素。 6.     扩展句一：说明第一点解决方法。 7.     扩展句二：说明第二点解决方法。 8.     扩展句三：说明第三点解决方法。
第三段 总结评述 9.As far as I am concerned/As for me,本人的观点或选择10.具体观点或选择依据。11.To conclude/Therefore,总结或建议。	第三段 总结评述 9.     主题句：引出本人对该问题或解决方法的观点或选择。 10.扩展句：具体阐述观点或选择依据。 11.结尾句：作出总结或提出建议。

参考范文

Getting to Know th World outside the Campus   It (1) is of great significance for a college student to know the world outside the campus. In this (2)fast-developing “Information Age”, college students must(3) keep pace with the progress of the world.(4①) Additionally, by contacting the off-campus world, college students can have chance to more practical skills.(4 ②)Therefore,(5) how to know the world outside the campus (6)is worth our attention. Many ways can be adopted by our college students to increase our knowledge of the world.(4③) Firstly, mass media, such as radios, televisions, newspapers and the Internet, are a good choice,(7)by which we can (8)be well informed about what is happening. (4④)Secondly, providing volunteer services is an efficiently way to contact and know the society.(4⑤)Thirdly, we can take part-time jobs to increase our practical experience. (4⑥)As for me, I wll try jto create and grasp more chances to contact the society. In my opinion, getting to know the off-campus world is (9①)as important(9②) as improving academic performance.(4⑦) Therefore, I suggest every college student should(10①) not(11) confine himself to the campus(10②) but often go outside.

点评 （1）“be of+n.”相当于”be+adj.”。 （2）符合形容词做定语，意为“迅速发展的” （3）意为“跟上” （4）衔接词语使文章条理清晰、意思连贯。 （5）“疑问词+不定式”结构充当主语。 （6）be worth sth./doing sth.意为“值得......”。 7．Which在定语从句中充当介词宾语。 （8）inform是及物动词，一味“通知，告知”，经常用作被动结构“be informed about/of”. (9) 同级比较结构。 （10）连接并列结构，意为“不是......而是“。 （11）意为“将自己局限于”。

4.                   对比分析类作文结构

对比分析类作文主要有两种：一种是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由，人后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由；另一种是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和坏处或优点和缺点，继而表明自己的看法或态度。下面的结构公式是针对第一种类型来讲解，至于第二种类型，考生只需要在掌握第一种类型结构的基础上进行适当变形即可。

例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       有人做好事期望得到回报。

2.       有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报。

3.       你的观点。

结构公式陈列

1.       观点或选择A 1.简述要讨论的主题，引出对其的的不同观点或选择/When it comes to 谈论主题，there is no complete agreement among people.2. Some people think/prefer to/choose观点或选择A。3.观点或选择的第一点理由。4.观点或选择的第二点理由。	第一段 观点或选择A 1.     主题句：提出要讨论的主题，引出两种不同的观点或选择。 2.     扩展句一：指出一种观点或选择。 3.     扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。 4.     扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。
2.       观点或选择B 5.However, there are many others who观点或选择B。6.In their opinions/They maintain/they point out观点或选择B的第一点理由。7.Besides，观点或选择的第二点理由。	第二段 观点或选择B 5.     主题句：转折出另一种观点或选择。 6.     扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。 7.     扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。
第三段“我”的观点或选择 8.     As for me, I agree“我”的观点或选择。/Weighing up these two arguments/choices, “我”的观点或选择。 9.     “我”的第一点理由。10.“我”的第二点理由。11.Therefore/To conclude,作出选择	第三段“我”的观点或选择 8.     主题句：综合两种观点或选择，表明“我”的观点或选择。 9.     扩展句一：阐述“我”的第一点理由。 10.  扩展句二：阐述“我”的第二点理由。 11.  结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。

参考范文

Nowadays, （1）different people hold different views about whether or not one should expect a reward when doing a good deed. Some people think that a good deed should be given a certain reward. They say it is agreeable with the rule of fairness. （2①）Also, rewards can stimulate people’s enthusiasm to to good deeds. （3）However, there are many others who take Leifeng as a model and be always ready to help others without expecting any reward. Everyone may be in trouble.（5）Only if you help othres unselfishly, you can get others’ help when you nedd it. （2②）Besides, they maintain that one can enjoy happiness in doing good deeds, （6）they think, （7）which is the best return. （8）Weighing up these tow arguments, I prefer the second one. （2③）First, being happy to help others is one of Chinese people’s traditional virtues.（2④） Second, this virtue（9） is of more significance for the creation of a harmonious society. （2⑤）To conclude, （10①）it is every citizen’s responsibility（10②）to do good deeds without expecting any reward.

点评 （1）用于引出对某事物的不同观点。 （2）衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。 （3）转折出另一种观点。 （4）意为“不期望任何火爆”，介词短语充当状语，注意此处without的用法。 （5）意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。 （6）插入语。 （7）which引导非限制性定于从句。 （8）用于引出个人观点，weigh up意为“权衡”。 （9）“be of +n.”相当于“be+adj.”。 （10）固定句式：It is...for sb.+to do sth.其中it是形式主语，不定式短语是实际的主语。

 

5.                   论证观点型作文结构

论证观点类作文一般需要考生按照提高要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。

例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       为什么说“欲速则不达”？

2.       试举例说明。

结构公式陈列

第一段 提出观点 1. 通过背景描写益处论点或直接提出论点。2.论点中的道理或正确性表现。3.Besides/In addition,进一步阐述论点中的道理或正确性表现。/The truth of it is deep and profound./The truth of it is self-evident.	第一段 提出观点 1.       主题句：提出观点 2.       扩展句一：阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现。 3.       扩展句二：进一步阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现，或是强调论点的正确性。
第二段 列举论据 4.There are numerous examples supporting this argument./Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument.5.A case in point is 第一个例子。6. 进一步说明例一。7.For another example, 第二个例子。8.进一步说明例二。	第二段 列举论据 4.       主题句：引出论据，开始论证观点。 5.       扩展句一：列举第一个例子 6.       扩展句二：进一步说明例一 7.       扩展句三：列举第二个例子 8.       扩展句四：进一步说明例二
第三段 总结观点 9.All the above-mentioned tell us that/It is no doubt that/Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that 重申观点。10.提出建议或指出注意事项。11.To conclude/Therefore,总结全文，呼应论点。	第三段 总结观点 9.       主题句：承接上文，重申观点。 10.   扩展句：提出建议或指出正确的做法或态度，呼应论点。

参考范文

Haste Makes Waste The Proverb “Haste makes waste”has been widely accepted for many years. It reminds us that if we are to achieve our final goal we have to do it in a （1）down-to-earth way. （2）The truth of it is deep and profound. （3）There are numerous exmaples suppoorting this argument. （4）A case in point is the ancient Chinese story of （5）“Helping the shoots grow by pulling”. This story proved that the haste caused not only waste but great loss. （6）For another example, some parents and teachers,（7①） in order to improve children’s academic performance in a short time, tend to put too heavy burden on children. This, （7②） as a result, brings the children（8） nothing but great pressure. （9）All the above-mentioned tells us that we shouldn’t（10） be over anxious for quick results. Everything has its own （11）developing law. Therefore, （12）whatever we do, we should not pay too much attention to the speed and ignore these laws.

点评 （1）       意为“脚踏实地”。 （2）       意为“其中蕴涵着深远的道理” （3）       用于引出例证。 （4）       意为“典型的例子”。 （5）       引用“拔苗助长”的故事 （6）       用于引出另外的例子 （7）       插入语 （8）       意为“只是，仅仅”。 （9）       常用于得出结论 （10）   意为“急于求成”。 （11）   意为“发展规律”。 （12）   引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”。

 

6.                   叙事类作文结构

四级写作中设计的叙事类作文一般是要求考生叙述一个时间发生的经过，如车祸、生病或一次难忘的经历，然后谈谈自己的感受或得到的启示。

例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic pickpocketing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.       描述一下你在公共场所亲眼目睹的扒窃事件。

2.       谴责这种犯罪行为

3.       在构建和谐社会的进程中，人人都应该有正义感。

结构公式陈列

第一段 交代时间背景、 1.引出时间背景。2.进一步描述背景情况或概述事件的特点。3.有背景引出具体时间或说明事件的重要性。	第一段 交代事件背景 1.       主题句：总数时间发生的背景。 2.       扩展句一：进一步描述背景情况或概述事件的特点。 3.       扩展句二：有背景引出具体事件或说明事件带来的重要性。
第二段 叙述事情经过 4. Now I still remember clearly引出事件/There is one thing that is still vivid in my mind until now.5.事件发生的事件和当时的情形。6.接下来的情况.7. 进一步发展。8.As a result/However,事件结果。	第二段 叙述事件的经过 4.       主题句：概括引出要讲述的事件。 5.       扩展句一：交代事件发生的事件和当时的情况。 6.       扩展句二：描述接下来的情况。 7.       扩展句三：描述事件的进一步发展。 8.       结尾句：说明事件的结果或影响。
第三段 谈个人感受 10.   Every time I recall该事件，“我”的感受或得到的启示。/该事件left me in deep thought/gave me a significant lesson.10.第一点感受。11 11.   第二点感受。	第三段 谈谈个人感受 9.       主题句：“我”由这件事而发的感受或得到的启示。 10.   扩展句一：“我”的第一点感受。 11.   扩展句二：“我”的第二点感受

根据所给提纲的不同，考生要灵活运用结构公式，不能生搬硬套。

参考范文

Pickpocketing Yesterday, I witnessed a theft incident on my way home. While waiting for a bus, a woman took her wallet out and paid for a newspaper at a nearby newspaper booth,. After putting her wallet back into her handbag she began to look through the new titles when a middle-aged man brushed past her muttering “Excuse me”. Swiftly, her wallet was in the man’s hand. The crazy pickpocketing has become a national epidemic and poses a grave threat to the residents’ and visitors’ property safety. Pickpocketing prevention, which is a tough task for police, makes senses. All sides involved in this problem must join their efforts  to remove this social cancer. Everyone shares the huge responsibility for demonstrating their justice at proper time. Personal responsibility is vital to build a harmonious society.

点评 描述一次亲眼目睹的事实，一次引出全文的主题。Witness用词准确。Brush此处为动词，说明小偷推挤的动作想说子拂过般既轻又快，描述生动形象。含有讽刺意味的Swiftly与句中的动词brush呼应，自然承接前一句。   指出扒窃行为的危害，crazy，National epidemic和poses a grave threat to等词表现出此危害的严重性。Tough和句中的比喻social cancer意在谴责此类卑劣行径。 最后两句话呼吁大家携手努力，消除扒窃，共建和谐社会，点明文章主题。

 

7.                   应用文类作文结构

四级写作目前考过的应用类作文包括：建议信、投诉信、竞选演说词、景点介绍和海报，另外，拒绝信、求职信、申请信、祝贺信、倡议书等校园生活中常涉及的应用文体也在大纲的考察非为内。下面列举10种易考的应用类作文结构：

1） 建议信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代建议针对的背景时间，说明写信的目的；针对该事件提出建议，引出对建议的具体阐述。

第二段：具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由。

第三段：表达良好的祝愿和期望。

右下脚：署名

范文： A Letter to a Schoolmate

                                                            June 20,2001

Dear Xiao Wang,

     I am very glad to learn that you will visit me soon. Her I am writing to give you my advice about the arrangement fo your coming holiday in Hangzhou.

    In my opinion, West Lake should certainly be your first destination since it is such a famous and beartiful place. Then, I suggest you go to Lingyin Temple, Luhe Tower and Yuewang Shrine. Besides, i fyou have time, Qiandao Lake is also a good site you could not miss. Of course, besides visiting the interet of places, you should taste the local flavor snacks of Hangzhou, like small steamed buns and West Lake Vinegared fish. Finally, I must remind you that you should not leave your belingings unattended since there are so many people on the train and at the railway station.

   I am susre you will enjoy your visit in Hangzhou. If you have any questions or requirements, do not hesitate to tell me. I am looking forward  to seeing you soon.

                                                                       Truly yours

                                                                       Wang Fang

2） 投诉信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：表明自己的身份，写信的目的，因何事投诉何人或机构。

第二段：具体阐述投诉的内容和投诉的理由。

第三段：提出解决建议并期望尽快解决，表示感谢。

右下脚：署名

范文： A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus

                                                               Dec.20,2002

Dear President,

     My name is Li Ming. I am a junior form the Civil Engineering School. I venture to write you a letter to make a complaint about the canteen service or your school.

    The focus of the complaint if the poor quality and high price of the food. On on hand, the rice is very hard, the steam bread is often cold, and the vegetables are always overcooked. On the ohter hand, the price of the food is so high that many poor students ar eburdened heavily. Under these circumstances, I find it impossible for us studnes to fully concentrate on the study and enjoy the campus life.

    I will be very obliged if you can consider my compliant seriously, I do hope the service of the canteen will be much improved as soon as possible. Thank you for your time and kind consideration.

                                                           Sinceerely yours,

                                                           Li Ming

3）拒绝信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代写信目的，委婉表达自己对邀请、请求等的拒绝，并向对方表示谢意。

第二段：具体阐述拒绝对方的理由。

第三段：希望不会给对方带来不便，向对方表示抱歉和祝愿。

右下脚：署名

范文：A Letter Declining a Job Offer

                                                            Jan.12,2008

Dear Mr. Wang,

     I am very sorry to tell you that I have to decline your job offer. To be honest, it would be a very good chance for me to work in your company. However, the current situation doesn’t allow me to do this.

    This has been a difficult decision for me, but I have to do this. On on hand, I have accepted anoter job offer before you informed me your decision, which is more in line with my skills and career goals. On the other hand, two hours’ commute to your building is really a burden on me. On account of all these, you can understand why I could not accept your offer.

    I hope this does not cause you too much inconvenience. Anyway, I do appreciate your kindness  to discuss the details of the position with me and give me time to consider your offer. Meanwhile, I widh that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible.

                                                           Sincerely yours

                                                           Jane

4）求职信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代写信目的，申请某职位，说明获得招聘信息的来源，表达申请职位的愿望。

第二段：介绍自己的学习经历、能力和特长，证明自己能够胜任工作。

第三段：感谢对方抽出时间和经历，随信附有自己的简历，并愿意提供进一步的信息，希望等到面试的机会。

右下脚：署名

范文：A Job Application Letter

                                                          June 20, 2003

To whom it may concern,

    I am writing to apply for the post of engineer advertised in China Daily, I believe my qualifications are ideal match of your requirements.

    I will graduate on July 1 of this year form Dongbei University. My major in mechanical engineering and my training in this aspect definitely meet your requirements. In addition to learning the the required couses, I have also accepted training in Professional Training Program at spare time. What’s more, I have been an intern student in several companies related to my major, which provided me a great deal of experience in computer applecations. I believe my training and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who are lack of working experience.

    I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additiongal information your require, please contact me. I will be very grateful if you can give me a personal interview at your convenience.

                                                         Sincerely yours,

                                                         Li Hua

5）邀请信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代写信目的，邀请某人参加某项活动，说明活动的时间和地点，正式向对方那个发出邀请。

第二段：介绍事件的具体安排和对方接受邀请的必要性。

第三段：希望对方能够接受邀请，期望对方的尽快答复。

右下脚：署名

范文： An Invitation Letter

                                                           June 15, 2008

Dear Li Liang,

    This June 30^th I am going to graduate, so I am going to hold a party on Saturday evening in my house. It would be pleasant to have you here.

    So interesting will the party be that you can’t afford to miss it. For one thing, we can have a big meal, sing the popular songs and play games. For another, it also provides a good opportunity for you to meet many friends that you haven’t seen for a long time.

   What an important thing it si to get your participation! First, you are my best friend and bring home to me many things. Second, we haven’t seen each other for quite a long time and I am eager to see you. The party would not be complete without you!

   The party will begin at 7:30p.m. Is it possible for us to see you at 7:00 on Saturday evening in my house> I do hope you can come.

                                                                  Sincerely yours,

                                                                  Sun Li

6）             道歉信结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代写信目的，因某事想某人道歉，恳请对方接受自己的歉意。

第二段：向对方解释导致自己所犯过失或错误的原因。

第三段：希望能够得到对方的理解和原谅，希望有机会不久，并提出不久措施。

右下脚：署名

       范文： An apology Letter

                                                                  Jan.24, 2009

     Dear Mary,

         I am excessively sorry for my absence yesterday when you come to see me during your trip. Now, I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret. Please accept my sincere apology with gratitude.

          I hope you will understan me and excuse me for my absence. The reason for my absence was that I had an engagement with some friends and, ignorant of your visit, accompanied them to the cinema. Besides, not until 9 o’clock in the evening did I come back. Therefore, it is not in my power to arrange time to meet you.

          Naturally, I hope you won’t leave the city this week so that I can call on you. I shall be obliged if you will kindly tell me when and where you are at convenient. In that case I can take you to some places that may interest you. I hope to see you soon.

                                                                    Sincerely yours,

                                                                    Li Ming

    7）倡议书结构公式

右上角：日期

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：交代写信目的，倡议的人群和倡议的主题。

第二段：介绍倡议针对对象的具体情况和倡议的具体内容（如捐钱、捐物）。

第三段：提供联系方式，再次发出倡议，呼吁大家参与，并表示感谢。

右下脚：署名

范文： Your Help Needed

                                                        Nov.15,2008

Dear fellow students,

    I am writing this letter to call on all the students in our university to do something for Li Ping, one of our schoolmates, who is suffering from the serious disease.

As some of you may know, Li Ping is one of the freshmen the English Department. She is longing for the bright future like you and me . Unfortunately, last month, she was struck by Lerkemia. Now she is hospitalized and in a serious condition. What is worse, Li Ping comes from a poor village family and it si impossible for her family to raise such a large sum of money in such pressing time.

    As you see, now Li Ping is in great nedd of fanancial aid and daily caring. So it is high time for you to extend your helping hands to her. If you would like to provide your love and care to Li Ping, especially in the form of donation, please call at 12345678 or 23456789 at any time.

Thank you!        

                                                         Sinerely yours,

                                                         The Student Union

8）             海报结构公式

标题：活动主题或直接用poster

正文：第一段：概括引出活动，交代活动主办单位、活动的时间和地点。

      第二段：阐述活动的主要目的和具体安排。

      第三段：说明参加活动的条件和方式，交代联系或咨询方式，呼吁大家踊跃参与。

       右下角：落款写主办单位名称。

范文：Volunteers Needed

    The Student Union of our university will orgaize a bolunteer activity to the rural areas during the summer holidays. No we are recruiting the volunteers.

    This activity aims to help the children in rural areas improve their computer and Englsih level, and meanwhile provide a platform for our college students to show and prove abilities. It is planed to begin on July 5^th and last 10 days. The volunteers will be assigned ato different country primary schools to teach children how to use the computer and how to learn English well.

     Any student who is good at English and computer is warmly welcomed. Those interested are expected to come to the office of the Studnet Union to fill in an application form before July 1^st. Please call62511123 for further information. We are looking forward to your active participation.

                                                            The Students’ Union

9）竞选演说词结构公式

左上角：称呼

正文：第一段：表达自己的喜悦和荣幸之情，简要介绍自己，表明自己要竞选职位。

      第二段：说明自己具备的条件和优势，证明自己能够胜任。

      第三段：承诺当选后会采取哪些措施，表明自己的决心，左后想听众表达祝愿和感谢。

范文： A Campaign Speech

Ladies and gentlemen,

    I am Wang Lin from the Computer Science Department, and I am honored to stand heere to give my speech. I will show you that I am the best candidate to the post of Chairman of the Students’ union.

    I have gained a lot of experience and received wide praise from my classmates for my job as the monitor. Moreover, I am warm-hearted and always ready to help others. Besides, I am good at organizing activities and have experience in holding contests and sports meetings.

     Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be the president of the Students’ Union. On one hand, I will organize more activities to color our campus life. On the other hand, I’ll reform the Student Union, changing it from a problem-solbing one into a service-providing one. And more channels will be opened for our students to boice opinions and needs.

   I, Wang Lin, am worth your trust. Don’t hesitate to vote for me. Thank you!

10）景点介绍机构公式

左上角： 称呼

正文：第一段：向大家表示欢迎，简要介绍自己的身份和任务，并表达自己的喜悦和荣幸之情。

      第二段：具体介绍景点的内容和特点以及具体的行程安排。

      第三段：提醒相关注意事项，并表示如有疑问欢迎咨询。祝愿大家玩得愉快，感谢大家的倾听。

范文： A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction

Ladies and gentlemen,

   Welcome to China and thank you for your trusting our travel agency. I am Lisa. It’s my pleasure to be your guide.

The following is the schedule of the day. In the morning, the first spot we are going to visit is the Great Wall, the grandest fortification in ancient China. Then I will take you to the Ming Tombs, which is oen of the best-preserved tombs in China and the last home for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty. In the afternoon, we will go to the Summer Place, the royal park for ancient Chinese emperors. That’s the end of our visiting of today.

       By the way, please bring a plastic bag with you to hold the rubbish you make so as to protect our environment. If any of you have questions, please feeel free to ask me at any time. I hope that you will enjoy your day. Thank you very much for your attention.

 

六、段落的展开方法

在确定了各段的主题之后，怎样展开段落成为了写作成败的关键。展开段落的方式格式各样，但主要有以下几种。

1. 举例法

常见的举例模式：

主题句----example 1 ；--example 2； ----example 3

列举时常用for example, for instance, such as, like, thus, take…as an example, to illustrate a case in point等词语.

2. 列举法

在使用列举法时，考生要注意：一，所列举的各个要点最好按照递增或递减的顺序进行有层次的排列。二，所列举的要点应该服务于一个中心思想。各要点必须相互独立，相互区别。

列举法常用的连词有：first， firstly， in the first place, fist of all, in the biginning, to begin with，to start with，second，third, most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore, last, lastly, finally, eventually, last but not least, for one thing...for another...等。

 3. 分类法

 把同一主题对系那个划分为各个组成部分，或把众多的观点按照器共性归类，然后在依次展开各个部分。在分类的时候要注意各类别之间的逻辑关系，分类标准要明确，不要出现重叠现象。

分类法常用的表达有：divide...into, fall into, be calssified , there are...kinds, first, sencond, last, also, again, besides, moreover, what’s more, furthermore, inaddition, most important, finally 等。

4. 因果分析法

    在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以阐述中心思想。 不管是从因到果还是从果到因，基本要求都一样：主题句必须明确，展开句必须对主题起加强作用。

    因果分析法常用表达有: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in， since, as, for, due to, owing to, on account of, in view of, contribute to, therefore, so, thus, accordingly, as consequence, in consequence of, as a result, result from等。

5.比较法

主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点或不同点。在采用比较法时，要注意句子的过渡。

常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, the same as, and… too, in the same way, in a like manner； likewise, as, in comparison with, by contrast, conversely, defferently, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, but, however, yet, whereas, while等。

6. 叙述法

叙述是指清楚交代所述事件发生的事件、地点、人物、原因等，是一种十分有效的拓展方法。

用于描述事件顺序的常用表达有：soon, then, after a while, toward the end of..., in the past, in the first year/decade等。

用于描述空间顺序的常用表达有：beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in, between, next to, on the top of, in front of, across, close to, on/from the left/right, ahead of, behind, on, opposite to, in the south, on either side of等。

常用的句型

开头

Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern.

最近,…问题已引起人们的关注.

Nowadays, _________ has become a problem we have to face.

如今,已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.

It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that…

人们一般认为…

Many people insist that…

很多人坚持认为…

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…

A lot of people seem to think that…

很多人似乎认为…

引出不同观点:

People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that….

人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为．．．

People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解.

Attitudes towards _____ vary from person to person.

人们对待….的态度因人而异.

There are different opinions among people as to…

关于…. 人们的观点大不相同.

Different people hold different attitudes toward______.

对…..人们的态度各不相同.

结尾

Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…

Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…

Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that…

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论…

There is no doubt that ____ has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,…..有优点也有缺点.

All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.

提出建议:

It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.

It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …

该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了.

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of …

毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视.

Obviously, If we want to do something…, it is essential that…

显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…

Only in this way can we… 只有这样, 我们才能…

It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到…

预示后果:

Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger.

很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.

No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…

毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会…

It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展.

论证:

From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.

I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点….

Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边.

I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信…

In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do….

在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智.

Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why…

给出原因:

This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …

这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, …

Why did… ?  For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is…

为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是….

I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows.

我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下:

列出解决办法:

Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议.

The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…

People have figured out many ways to solve this problem.

人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.

批判错误观点和做法:

As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,…

It was obvious that… 很显然,….

It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that…

可能…是对的,但这并不意味着…

It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that…

认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视….

There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明…

阐释图表：

As is shown in the graph… 如图所示…

The graph shows that… 图表显示…

As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出…

From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知…

All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即…

The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%.

In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变.

There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.