
专四阅读理解考试中,所谓因果逻辑关系题,是指题干明确说明要考查文章某细节因果关系的题目。通常,此类题目的题干中会出现because (of), due to, in that, now that, why, reason等标志性词汇。考生需要在原文中准确定位考点,并解读上下文之间的因果逻辑关系,进而找出正确选项。很多考生答题的时候仅注重文章字面意义所反映出的因果关系,而缺乏对句内或句外逻辑关系的认知,从而常常造成因果颠倒等现象以致失分。那么,我们又该如何正确应对这种题目呢?根据以往考试的出题规律,我们可以发现,因果逻辑关系题主要有两大解题技巧,分别阐述如下。

一、显性因果
显性因果是指文章细节部分明确说出句子内部或句子之间的因果关系,通常用表示因果关系的连词、介词(或介词短语)、副词或动词明示,总结如下:
词性
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代表性词汇
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连词
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because, since, for, as, in that, now that等
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介词/介词短语
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due to, owing to, for, from, with, thanks to, as a result, for this reason等
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副词
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therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly等
|
动词
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cause, lead to, result from, result in, be attributed to, contribute to等
|
举例:2008年考题
文章第一段:Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.
95.
Women hate public speaking most mainly because of ________.
A. their upbringing very early on
B. their inability to appeal to the audience
C. their sense of greater public pressure
D. their sense of greater humiliation
解释:根据题干定位至第一段最后一句,句中since明确揭示了因果关系,因此可知,A选项与原文意思相符。

少数情况下,一个句子内部可能没有明确的词语表示因果逻辑,此时,如果语义上有明显因果关系,则可以据此判断原因所在。
举例:2004年考题
文章第二段:Last night, after what seemed hours of damp turmoil, I got up and crept slipperless down the stairs, feeling my way in the faint street light that came through the window. Once safely arrived at the bottom, I walked into the kitchen and looked around in the refrigerator. There was nothing much I wanted to eat: the remains of a bunch of celery, a blue-tinged heel of bread, a lemon going soft. I've fallen into the habits of the solitary; my meals are snatched and random. Furtive snacks, furtive treats and picnics. I made do with some peanut butter, scooped directly from the jar with a forefinger: why dirty a spoon?
76.
The author did not like the food in the refrigerator because it was NOT ________.
A. fresh
B. sufficient
C. nutritious
D. delicious
解释: 根据题干定位至原文第二段第三句话,但该句内部无任何词语明确标识因果关系,虽如此,我们根据句义可知,冒号后内容是对冒号前内容的解释,即原因,因而可知,A选项与原文意义相符。

二、隐性因果
隐性因果是指无论是句子内部还是句子之间都没有明确的因果关系标志词,这种情况下,如果单凭语义来理解,就可能会导致因果颠倒,因此,我们需要根据句间逻辑关系来推知原因所在。
一般来讲,汉语是意合思维模式,中国人习惯按照自然顺序说话,即先发生先说,后发生后说,因此,汉语中,我们通常先说原因再说结果,称为“前因后果”;而英语恰恰相反,英语是形合的语言,语言本身逻辑性强,不一定要遵循自然顺序说话,往往是重要的结果提前说,然后用细节加以解释,形成了“前果后因”的模式。由此,我们可以推定,如果文中没有明示句间的因果关系,则一般情况下是后句解释前句,即前句是果,后句是因。
举例:2009年考题
文章第一段:Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a.m., you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.
96. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because________.
A. he forgot to write a few words on it.
B. he wanted the couple to send it back.
C. he used it to ask for a Christmas tip.
D. he was afraid of asking for a tip in person.
解释:根据题干定位至原文第一段第四句话,但这句话内部没有任何标识因果关系的词汇,从语义上也无从判定因果关系,因此,该题目考查隐性因果关系。依据英文前果后因的逻辑,可知第五句话是原因,故C选项正确。
图5
当然,英文中也有按自然顺序说话的情况,这时,英文中也会出现汉语中的前因后果关系。
举例:2009年
文章第一段:It was late in the afternoon, and I was putting the final touch on a piece of writing that I was feeling pretty good about. I wanted to save it, but my cursor had frozen. I tried to shut the computer down, and it seized up altogether. Unsure of what else to do, I yanked (用力猛拉) the battery out.
91. Why did the author shut down her computer abruptly?
A. She had saved what she had written.
B. She couldn't move the cursor.
C. The computer refused to work.
D. The computer offered to repair itself.
解释:根据题干定位至原文第一段倒数第二句话,该句内部无明显标识因果关系的词汇,语义上也无明显因果关系,本来按照英文前果后因的逻辑,倒数第一句话应该是答案,但是,从语义上来看,这句话并没有对作者突然要关闭电脑的原因做出解释。于是我们发现,该段是按时间顺序写成的,即自然顺序,这时就要使用前因后果的逻辑了,由此得知倒数第三句才是答案,故选C。
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