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英语句中的倒装现象 Inversion

(2009-11-16 13:58:10)
标签:

英语语法

倒装

教育

分类: 语法

                           NOISREVNI

一、倒装指什么?
倒装的意思就是把动词放在主语之前。在疑问句和其他一些情况下都有这种现象。倒装主要分两种。
第一种情况为部分倒装,即把助动词词放在主语之前,动词的其余部分在主语之后。如果没有助动词,就加一个do,does或did。例如:
Has your mother spoken to Arthur?
I saw Mary yesterday. Did you see her?
Only yesterday did I realize what was going on.
第二种情况为完全全倒装,即把整个动词放在主语之前,不用do和did等助动词。例如:
On the chair sat a small dark-haired girl.
Round the corner came a milk-van.
“I love you,” whispered John.
普通的英语口语中,倒装只出现在疑问句以及here、there、neither、nor和so之后。倒装的其他几种用法主要出现在书面体英语中,或是在非常正式的口语体中(如对公众演讲)。

 

二、倒装用在哪些场合?
1. 疑问句

倒装虽然经常出现在疑问句中,但并不总是如此(在此只举一例,不加详述)。倒装通常不用在间接引语的疑问句中。例如:
     Have you seen John?
     You’ve seen John?
     I wondered whether he had seen John.

 

2. 带if的句子
文学体裁中,在某些句子里,倒装可以用来代替if。例如:
Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. (=If I had known…) 假如我知道会发生什么事情,我就绝不会把她单独留下了。
Had I realized what you intended I should not have wasted my time trying to explain it to you. (=If I had realized…) 如果我当时了解你的意图,我就不会浪费时间向你解释了。
    Should you change your mind, let us know. 你如果改变主意,就告诉我们。
    Should he call me this afternoon, tell him that I’ll be at home from eight.
Were they found cheating at the exam, they would be expelled from the school.
Were a crisis to arise, the government would have to take immediate action.


3. as 之后
倒装在文学体裁中时有时出现在as之后。
She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends. 她到处旅行,她的多数朋友也是这样。
He believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord. 他和他全家一样,都认为国王是至高无上的君主。


4. 在neither,nor和so之后
在一切英文文体中,倒装都可以用在这三个词之后。这个结构不属于非常正式的文体,但它完全是标准的英语。在这些句子中,我们说某人(或某事、或某种情况)同刚才提到过的相同。例如:
——“I don’t like Mozart.” 我不喜欢莫扎特的作品。
——“Nor do I. “我也不喜欢。
    ——“My mother is ill this week.”
    ——“So is my sister.”


5. 在否定意思的词语之后
某些含有否定意义或限制性意义的词语可以放在句首,表示强调。出现这种情况就用倒装。

(1) seldom, rarely和never用于对比
 这个结构比较文,普通英语中不用。例如:
 Seldom had I seen such a remarkable creature. 这样非凡的女子,我几乎从未见过。
 Rarely could she have been faced with so difficult a choice. 她很少碰到过这样两难的局面。
 Rarely had his father been more helpful. 他父亲这样肯帮助人是很少见的。
 Never have I felt better. 我感到比过去任何时候都好。

(2) hardly, scarcely 和no sooner
这些词语可用于句子的开头,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。Hardly和scarcely后面跟…when; no sooner后面跟…than。例如:
Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. 我一到就有新问题需要处理。
Scarcely had we started lunch when the door bell rang. 我们刚开始吃午饭,门铃忽然响了起来。
No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake. 她刚回到家就意识到她做错了(弄错了)。

(3) …no…
含有no的词语常出现在句首,表示强调;例如在通知中。这种情况要用倒装。
At no time was the President aware of what was happening. 总统一直不知道发生了什么事。
(=The President was at no time aware of what was happening. Or: = The President was not aware of what was happening at any time.)
Under no circumstances can customers’ money be refunded. 在任何情况下也不能向顾客退钱。
In no way can Mrs. Johnson be held responsible. 不管怎么说,也不该由约翰逊夫人承担责任。
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals. 参观者一律不得给动物喂食。
Under no circumstances can we accept checks.
无论在什么情况下我们都不接受支票。
Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.
我刚到,就发生了争吵。


6. 含有only的状语用在句首时,要用倒装。这个结构也相当文。
Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.
过了一年之后,我才开始看到我工作的成果。
Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living. 只有在少数国家里全体人口才能享受较高的生活水平。
Only then did I understand what she meant. 到那时我才明白了她的意思。
not only之后也要用倒装(在not only…but also句子中)。例如:
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 我们不但把钱全丢了,还几乎丢了命。


7. 在感叹句中
疑问结构的否定形式常常用作感叹句,其意义是肯定的。不是否定形式的疑问结构也可以用作感叹句,这种用法在美国英语中有其普遍。
Isn’t it cold! 真冷!
Wasn’t it a great match! 这场比赛太精彩了!
Hasn’t she grown!(=She has grown a lot!) 她长这么大了!
Am I fed up! 我腻烦死了!

8. 在地点状语之后
在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,句子开头用On a hill,  In the valley, Round the corner等状语也是常见的用法。当这些状语之后跟的是come,lie, stand, walk等不及物动词时,常用倒装。整个动词放在句首,而do、did是不用的。例如:
On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.  在他们面前的山上矗立着一座巨大的城堡。
A few miles further on lies the enchanting suburb of Balham, gateway to the South. 再往前几英里就是郊外风光迷人的巴尔汉区,那是通向南方的门户。
On the bed lay a beautiful young girl. 床上躺着一位年轻美貌的女子。
Here和there可放在句首,除了主语是代词外要注意倒 装,即动词要放在主语之前。这种情况即称为完全倒装。例如:
Here comes Mary. 玛丽来了。
Here is your watch. 这是你的表。
There goes Mrs. Patterbridge. 派迪布雷奇夫人走了。

注意:主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如:
      Here she comes.
      Here it is.

9.  与引用言语的动词连用
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语之后常跟answered John, said the old lady, he replied, grunted Peter之类的词语。这些词语告诉了人们谁说了话,是怎么说的。在这些词语中,动词常在主语之前,尤其是当主语很长的时候。当主语是个代词时,通常把动词放在主语之后。请比较:
"I've had enough," said John.
"Let's go," suggested Henry.
——"Who's paying?" shouted the fat man at the corner. “谁付钱?”屋角的胖子喊道。
——"You are," I answered. “由你来付,”我答道。


说明:此材料系本人原创。其依据是相关语法书及网络内容。如有打印错误或不正确之处,敬请批评指正;转载请注明出处http://blog.sina.com.cn/joyfanchunling

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