Unit 3 My Stroke of Luck

Section One Pre-reading Activities

I. Audiovisual supplement

Watch the video and answer the following questions.

1. According to the video, what do you think about the old man and his wife?

2. What do you think about the relationship between husband and wife?

 

Video Script:

Old Man: Well, it was a big trip. And if you ask me what I learned, I’d have to tell you I’m not sure. I know if I could do it all over again, I would ask less of the kids. As long as they were happy, that would be fine with me. I know I have to stop thinking of them as if they’re still children. I can’t tell them what to do anymore. They have to find their own way. And, sometimes you talked to me about things that I should have listened to you more carefully. You presented me with the details of our children’s lives, and I ... I ... I ignored them. And for that ... But that isn’t what you want to hear, I know. What you want is the news. Well, the news is this. Robert, Amy and Rosie promised to visit me for the holidays, and you know what? This time I believe them. And David ... David ... I hope he’ll spend Christmas with you.

Answers to the Questions:

1. His talking at his wife’s graveside is the news about their children and the new relationship between them and him. He really missed his wife.

2. Open.

 

II. Cultural information

1. Shakespeare’s Sonnet

Sonnet 116

Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Admit impediments. Love is not love

Which alters when it alteration finds,

Or bends with the remover to remove:

O no! it is an ever-fixed mark

That looks on tempests and is never shaken;

It is the star to every wandering bark,

Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken.

Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks

Within his bending sickle’s compass come:

Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,

But bears it out even to the edge of doom.

If this be error and upon me proved,

I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

— William Shakespeare

 

2. Marriage benefits men more than women.

    Both benefit equally in common areas like sex, companionship and shared work load. Husbands experience better overall health (live longer than if single), whereas a women’s greatest single gain is in money. Marriage will make both men and women richer because they become more efficient in all areas of life! Two living together will not only save significantly by eliminating redundant expenses, but because of increased efficiency, make more money than they do living separately. Long-lasting marriages, some people suggest, is not a cause of financial success, but an effect alongside of financial success. But the truth is that even taking this factor and the eliminating of redundant expenses into account, the institution of marriage itself provides a “wealth-generation bonus”. This bonus is above and beyond all other factors. God said marriage is good and good it is! Studies have shown, for example, that married men earn incomes 10-40% higher than their single counterparts.

 

Section Two Global Reading

I. Text analysis

1.       What does the author mean by “my stroke of luck”?

Marrying his wife had clearly been a stroke of luck for him, as became clear once again during the air crash crisis.

2.       What’s the author’s purpose of writing?

To enable the readers to see the many valuable qualities in his wife, or to show his wife’s unyielding character and willingness to help others.

 

II. Structural analysis

1. How are the events of the text arranged?

The account of the latest event is interrupted by a number of flashbacks (some earlier events and experiences). It begins with the air crash, and then it goes back to what had happened before. After this the author resumes the narration of the air crash and subsequent event.

2. Divide the text into parts by completing the table.

Paragraphs	Events
1-2	This part tells the readers what happens to the author and describes how his wife reacts to the accident.
3-4	It describes Anne’s good judgment on previous occasions and her experiences during the Second World War.
5-7	It tells the readers how the author met Anne, fell in love with her and eventually married her.
8	It turns back to his recovery from the crash with his wife’s meticulous care.
9-10	The author recalls how his wife handled her crisis: she never gave in and always tried to help others.
11-13	It describes Anne’s reaction to his stroke and her method to make people move on.
14	The author offers his general comments on Anne’s character with a philosophical remark.

 

Section Three Detailed Reading

Text I

My Stroke of Luck

She keeps saving my life. Better still, she keeps giving me reasons to live.

Kirk Douglas¹

 

1             It happened on the way home from a meeting in Fillmore, 40 miles north of Los Angeles洛杉矶. My friend Noel Blanc诺埃尔·布兰克, a helicopter pilot, offered to give me a ride back to the city. We were 50 feet in the air when we collided 相撞with a small plane flown by a flight instructor and his young student. Noel and I survived, but the men in the plane died instantly.

2             I don’t remember being pulled from the wreckage or the ambulance trip to a nearby hospital. But I do remember my wife, Anne, staring down at me on my gurney盖尼式担架. After hearing of the accident, Anne took a helicopter to reach me. She insisted on moving me to our neighborhood hospital in L.A., Cedars-Sinai Medical Center². Another helicopter ride. Just what I needed!

 

Questions

1. What happened to the writer? (Paragraph 1)

  He was involved in an air crash but luckily survived.

2. What does the author mean by “Another helicopter ride. Just what I needed”? (Paragraph 2)

He is being ironic. He means that he did not feel at all like taking another helicopter ride.

 

Words and Expressions

1. helicopter: a type of aircraft.

 

2. give a ride: give a free journey to sb.

 

3. collide: vi. hit each other accidentally

Synonym:

  crash into

Collocation:

  collide with sb. / sth.

Derivation:

  collision n.

 

4. instantly: ad. immediately, at once

Derivation:

  instant a.

Synonym:

  instantaneously, promptly

Antonym:

  gradually

 

5. wreckage: The debris of something wrecked.

 

6. gurney: A metal stretcher with wheeled legs, used for transporting patients.

 

 

3             But Anne was right. In L.A. I could get the best care for my spinal 脊骨的injury and start seeing psychiatrists 精神病医师for my very real “survivor’s guilt生还者的内疚”³. Anne has such good judgment and intuition直觉, she rarely makes a wrong decision. After all, she first saved my life in 1958, when she refused to let me join film producer制片者 Mike Todd on his fatal 致命的飞行flight. She saved me again after my stroke打击/中风 in 1995, when I became depressed and suicidal.²

4             Anne’s secret is that she learns from life, then moves on. Born in Hanover汉诺威 Germany, she fled 逃往to Belgium to escape fascism 法西斯主义as a teenager. She then moved to Paris, surviving the occupation 侵略占领时期by putting her linguistic ability to work. Fluent in French, English, Italian and her native German, she supported herself by placing German subtitles 字幕on French films.

 

Questions

1. How do you understand the sentence “She saved me again after my stroke in 1995, when I became depressed and suicidal.” (Paragraph 3)

The word “save” here means “help me out of my depression,” because severe depression can sometimes lead to suicide. So the sentence means “She saved my life again after my stroke in 1995 by helping me get over the depression I was in and preventing me from committing suicide.”

2. How many languages does Anne master? (Paragraph 4)

      Four. French, English, Italian, and German.

 

Words and Expressions

7. spinal: Of, relating to, or situated near the spine or spinal cord; vertebral.

 

8. psychiatrist: A physician who specializes in psychiatry.

 

9. intuition n. the power of knowing sth. without reasoning

Derivation:

  intuitive a.

  intuitively a.

Comparison:

  insight n. ability to see into the true nature

  perception n. ability to see, hear or understand

  instinct n. natural feeling that makes one choose to act in a particular way, synonym of intuition

 

10. fatal: Causing or capable of causing death.

 

11. suicidal: a. with a tendency to commit suicide

Derivation:

  suicide n.

Collocation:

  suicidal attempt

  suicidal behavior

 

12. flee: To run away, as from trouble or danger.

 

13. fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.

 

14. occupation: n. the action, state, or period of occupying or being occupied by military force

Synonym:

  invasion, takeover

Collocation:

  occupation rate 占用率

 

15. subtitle: A printed translation of the dialogue of a foreign-language film shown at the bottom of the screen.

 

16. depressed a. sad or gloomy

Derivation:

  depress vt.

  depression n.

  depressing a.

Synonym:

  dispirited, downhearted

 

Sentences

1. survivor’s guilt (Paragraph 3)

Explanation: The author felt guilty because he survived while the other men on the plane didn’t.

 

2. She saved me again after my stroke in 1995, when I became depressed and suicidal. (Paragraph 3)

Translation: 我1995年中风，深感沮丧，并有自杀倾向，她又一次救了我。

 

5             We met in 1953 when I was in Paris to star主演 in Act of Love⁴. I was looking for an assistant, and Anne Buydens showed up露面 at my dressing room化妆室/更衣室 for an interview. She wore a blue suit with a white collar衣领, and had very delicate wrists and ankles. Quite striking. I explained the position and she politely said, “I don’t think this job’s right for me.” I was miffed弄生气了. Here I was, an American movie star. I expected her to be eager for the job.

6             She did accept the position, but only on a temporary basis. And she eventually 最终agreed to go out 跟我外出with me, which had been my first thought anyhow. But that took some doing on my part too. After our first meeting, I called to invite her to supper at Tour d’Argent, one of Paris’s best restaurants, with fantastic views of the Seine塞纳河. “No,” she said, “I’m tired. I think I’ll just make myself some eggs and go to bed.” My thought then was, to hell with her.⁵

7             But it was just that poignant 令人痛苦的方式style that made me fall in love. During the following months, while I was filming Ulysses⁶ in Italy, Anne often met up 偶遇/邂逅with me. In 1954, when our next jobs threatened 预示to keep us apart for months at a time, I realized I didn’t want to lose her and asked her to marry me. We slipped away to Las Vegas to tie the knot.

 

Questions

1. Why did the author feel miffed in his interview with Anne? (Paragraph 5)

He expected Anne to accept the job with eagerness, as most girls would do, because he was a famous American movie star. But Anne declined the offer.

2. Why did the author have the thought “to hell with her”? (Paragraph 6)

Anne’s refusal was unexpected and irritated the author, because he took it for granted that Anne would be more than willing to accept his invitation, as most girls would do.

3. What do you know about Las Vegas? (Paragraph 7)

Las Vegas is a city in southeast Nevada, USA, famous for its numerous casinos娱乐场 and speedy registration of marriage.

 

Words and Expressions

17. wrist: The joint between the hand and the forearm.

 

18. striking: a. very attractive and impressive

Synonym:

  conspicuous, outstanding, attractive

Antonym:

  inconspicuous

Derivation:

  strikingly ad.

 

19. miff: To cause to become offended or annoyed.

 

20. eventually: At an unspecified future time.

 

21. poignant: a. keen or strong in mental appeal

Derivation:

  poignancy n.

  poignantly ad.

Synonym:

  distressing, heartbreaking

Antonym:

  happy, delighted, joyful

 

22. threaten to keep sb. apart:

Threaten to: To give signs or warning of.

 

keep apart: (cause to) remain separate.

Comparison:

  keep sb. / sth. away from sb. / sth. cause sb. / sth. not to go near sb. / sth.

  keep off not approach, touch

  keep on doing sth. continuing doing sth.

  keep up (of rain, snow, good weather, etc.) continue without stopping

Synonym:

  detach, disconnect, disjoin, set apart

Antonym:

  unite

 

23. star：vi. appear as a main performer in a film

vt. have sb. as a main performer

n. famous or brilliant singer, performer, sportsman, etc

Collocation:

  reach for the stars be very ambitious

  see stars having a feeling of seeing flashes of light, esp. as a result of being hit on the head

  stars in one’s eyes being happy and excited

 

24. show up： arrive at a place

Synonym:

  appear, come into view, turn up

  e.g. Her husband did not turn up timely as she expected, so she was quite worried.

Antonym:

  hide

Comparison:

  show off try to impress others with one’s abilities, wealth, intelligence, etc.

  show sb. the door ask sb. to leave

 

25. temporary: a. lasting only for a limited period of time

Synonym:

  transient, momentary, impermanent

Antonym:

  permanent, everlasting, eternal

Derivation:

  temporariness n.

  temporarily ad.

 

Sentences

3. to hell with her (Paragraph 6)

Explanation: “To hell with” is a curse. Here the author is cursing her under his breath. This shows his anger.

 

4. We slipped away to Las Vegas to tie the knot. (Paragraph 7)

Translation: 我们偷偷跑到拉斯维加斯举行了婚礼。

 

8             Forty-seven years of marriage is quite a journey. Anne has kept me going through some of the hardest times, which hasn’t always been easy, given that I’m sometimes an actor wrapped up in 沉浸在自我中/自恋his ego. After the crash, I couldn’t sit without extreme pain. When we went out, Anne would put me in the rear of the station wagon旅行车, where I could stretch out. At dinner with friends, she’d set a place for me as if it were the most natural thing in the world to eat lying on the couch躺椅. She consoled me during my survivor’s anguish生还者的苦恼, but what she wouldn’t tolerate — and here’s the important thing — was me feeling sorry for myself自我难过/自责/自惭形秽.

 

Questions

 What is survivor’s anguish? (Paragraph 8)

Survivor’s anguish is a kind of depression in which the survivor suffers an aftermath fear of a disaster and uncertainty about what would happen to him / her in the future.

Words and Expressions

 

26. be wrapped up in: be totally absorbed in.

Synonym:

  engrossed, preoccupied

Comparison:

  wrap sb. up in cotton wool protect sb. too much from dangers or risks

  wrap sb. up put warm clothes on sb.

 

27. ego: The self, especially as distinct from the world and other selves.

 

28. station wagon: An automobile having an extended interior with a third seat or luggage platform and a tailgate.

 

29, stretch out: To extend (oneself) when lying down

 

30. console: vt. give comfort to sb. in times of sadness

Derivation:

  consolation n.

  consolatory a.

Collocation:

  console sb. for / on sth.

 

31. anguish: Agonizing physical or mental pain; torment.

 

32. go through: experience; suffer

Synonym:

  undergo, suffer, experience

Comparison:

  go down sink

  go in for take part in

  go up be raised; be built

  go over look at sth. carefully; inspect sth.

 

 

9             Then again, I’ve never seen her feel sorry for herself either. Thirty years ago Anne underwent diagnostic surgery诊断性外科手术 after finding a lump肿块 in her breast. Her doctor reported the tumor was malignant恶性的, and it was spreading. He encouraged me to authorize him to remove Anne’s breast then and there. I did.

10         After, I felt guilty内疚的 having made that choice while she lay unconscious. Anne assured me that I’d done the right thing. She dealt with the cancer, from which she has fully recovered, by helping others — talking to groups about her experiences, and establishing Research for Women’s Cancers with six fellow survivors. Over the years they’ve raised $9 million to help finance a research facility at Cedars-Sinai. Anne recently read an article about the deplorable可叹的 state of school playgrounds in L.A., and started a program to rebuild and beautify them.

 

Questions

1. Did Anne’s attitude towards her own disease agree with what she demanded her husband to do? (Paragraph 10)

Yes. It is her consistent philosophy that one should keep moving on instead of complaining in face of misfortune.

2. How did Anne offer help to others? (Paragraph 10)

She shared her experience with others, raised a fund for a research facility in a hospital and initiated a program to rebuild some school playgrounds.

 

Words and Expressions

33. undergo vt. Experience.

Synonym:

  put up with, be subjected to, go through

Collocation:

  undergo an operation

  undergo surgery

  undergo severe tests through wind and storm

 

34. diagnostic surgery: to do a surgery operation in order to diagnose ills.

 

35. lump: A swelling or small palpable mass.

 

36. breast: milk-secreting, glandular organs on the chest of a woman.

 

37. tumor: An abnormal growth of tissue.

 

38. malignant: cancerous.

 

39. authorize: vt. give official permission for

Synonym:

  legalize, license, sanction

Antonym:

  prohibit, forbid

Derivation:

  authorization n.

authorized a.

 

40. establish: To set up; to found.

 

41. deplorable: Wretched; bad

 

42. feel guilty: have a feeling of shame or having committed wrong.

Synonym:

  conscience-stricken, remorseful

Derivation:

guilt n.

 

43. finance: vt. provide money for; fund

n. money provided for a special purpose

Collocation：

  deficit finance 赤字财政

  finance capital 金融资本

financial crisis 金融危机

Derivation:

  financial a.

  financially ad.

 

 

11         That’s my wife’s method, finding ways her life can help others. I’ve been the beneficiary of that practice many times. The afternoon I had my stroke, Anne was playing bridge with Barbara Sonata, and I was home getting a manicure修指甲. When my speech started to slur含糊不清, the manicurist指甲修剪师, a former nurse, immediately phoned Anne. My wife was home within ten minutes and had me at the hospital within an hour.

12     Although she was my rescuer, Anne, who believes in tough love, wasn’t about to let me just lie around. During my recovery, she kicked me out of bed each morning to get me working with my speech therapist言语治疗专家. She taught me exercises that helped her when she was learning to speak English, like putting a /d/ before a /j/ to say “just.” My therapist was impressed很受感动. One day, feeling proud of my progress, I said, “I think as a treat款待, tomorrow I’d like to have breakfast in bed.”

13     Anne looked at me and said, “You’d like breakfast in bed? I think you’d better sleep in the kitchen!” The most difficult consequence of my stroke was the depression抑郁 I suffered. While I was going through it, Anne endured my moods情绪 but didn’t allow me to complain.

 

Questions

1. Did Anne really kick her husband out of bed each morning? (Paragraph 12)

No. “Kick out” is used here as an exaggeration to mean “to get me out of bed despite my reluctance.”

2. What does the author mean by “tough love”? (Paragraph 12)

“Tough love” refers to Anne’s belief that you should be a bit tough with your loved ones in order to get them back to normal life as quickly as possible. It is a case of oxymoron (矛盾修辞法). The following are similar examples:

deafening silence

her cruel kindness

a mournful optimist

 

Words and Expressions

44. beneficiary n. the receiver of a benefit

Comparison:

  benefactor n. the person who gives money or other help to a person or a cause

Collocation:

  beneficiary country

  final beneficiary

 

45. manicure: To trim, clean, and polish (the fingernails).

 

manicurist: One who gives manicures.

 

46. slur: To pronounce indistinctly.

 

47. rescuer: one who rescue / save others.

 

48. therapist: One who specializes in the provision of a particular therapy.

 

49. consequence: Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition.

 

50. endure: vt. Bear.

Synonym:

  stand, suffer, withstand

Derivation:

  endurance n.

  endurable a.

 

51. believe in: have faith in, trust.

Synonym:

  be certain about, swear by, have faith in

Comparison:

  not believe one’s eyes / ears be unable to believe that what one hears or sees is real because one is so astonished

  seeing is believing one needs to see sth. before one can believe it exists or happens

  believe it or not it may sound surprising but it is true

 

52. suffer vt. experience sth. unpleasant, such as disease, injury, or loss

Synonym:

  undergo, go through

Derivation:

  suffering n.

 

Sentences

5. That’s my wife’s method, finding ways her life can help others. I’ve been the beneficiary of that practice many times. (Paragraph 11)

Translation: 这就是我妻子的为人之道，总是助人为乐，我自己就多次受益。

 

6. Although she was my rescuer, Anne, who believes in tough love, wasn’t about to let me just lie around. (Paragraph 12)

Translation: 安妮虽然是我的救星，但她相信，爱我爱得严厉一点，我就不会闲躺着无所事事。

 

14     In the midst of writing my latest book, My Stroke of Luck, I had an epiphany, inspired by my wife. How to handle应付 a stroke is how to handle处理/把握 life. The world is filled with people who have suffered one misfortune不幸 or another. What sets the survivors apart from the others is the willingness to move on前进/超脱, and to help others move on too. Anne has been doing that for as long as I’ve known her.

 

Questions

1．What is the exact meaning of “stroke” in the title of his book My Stroke of Luck, and in the sentence “How to handle a stroke is how to handle life”? (Paragraph 14)

The word “stroke” in the title of his book means a sudden occurrence of something pleasant, while the latter refers to the blockage or breaking of blood vessels in the human brain. So the use of “stroke” is a play of word for special effect.

2．Which sentence(s) best summarize(s) the whole story? (Paragraph 14)

The last two sentences strike home the author’s point — “What sets the survivor apart from the others is the willingness to move on, and to help others move on too,” as is exemplified by the author’s wife, Anne.

 

Words and Expressions

 

53. epiphany: A comprehension or perception of reality by means of a sudden intuitive realization.

 

54. set apart make sth. or sb. different, distinguish

Synonym:

  differentiate, distinguish, separate

Comparison:

  set about sth. / doing sth. start doing sth.

  set out leave a place and begin a journey

  set on sb. attack sb.

  set sth. aside place sth. to one side

 

55. move on: To progress in sequence; go forward

 

56. inspire vt. influence, give a sudden good idea

Collocation:

  inspire sb. with sth. / inspire sth. in sb.

Derivation:

 inspiration n.

 inspiring a.

 

57. handle: vt. treat, deal with

Synonym:

  cope with, conduct, deal with

Collocation:

handle without mittens deal with sth. sternly

  handle with gloves deal with sth. peacefully

 

Sentences

7. What sets the survivors apart from the others is the willingness to move on, and to help others to move on too. (Paragraph 14)

Translation: 幸存者和他人不同的地方在于他愿意继续前进，并同时帮助其他人一起前进。

 

IV Exercises for integrated skills

1. Dictation

Love means that I know the person I love. / I’m aware of the many sides of the other person / — not just the beautiful side / but also the limitations. / I have an awareness / of the other’s feelings and thoughts. / I can see the other person on a deeper level.

Love means that I care about the welfare / of the person I love. / If I care about you, / I’m concerned about your growth, / and I hope you will become / all that you can become./

Love means trusting the person I love. / If I love you, / I trust that you will accept my caring and my love / and that you won’t deliberately hurt me. / I trust / that you will find me lovable / and that you won’t abandon me. / If we trust each other, / we are willing / to be open to each other / and reveal our true selves.

 

 

 

VII Listening Exercises

You are going to hear a female journalist talking about flying.

A.   Pre-listening discussion

1. Have you ever traveled by plane? If so, what do you like and dislike about flying?

2. For long journeys, do you prefer traveling by bus, train or car? Why?

 

B.      Listen to Section 1 carefully and answer the questions.

1. Do you think the journalist travels a lot?

Yes. (The interviewer says so, and she obviously knows a lot about flying.)

2. What does she particularly like about flying?

The excitement of it, particularly the take-off.

3. According to the journalist, what do other people say about flying?

It’s “mundane” — it’s so ordinary now that it isn’t exciting any more.

4. What doesn’t she like doing? Why?

         She doesn’t like waiting around at airports when planes are delayed because the airports

are crowded, and she doesn’t know how long she’ll have to wait.

 

C.      Listen to Section 2 carefully and answer the questions.

1.       Which does she prefer, long flights or short flights? Why?

She prefers long flights, because on short flights you don’t have time to enjoy the flight, have a meal, etc.

2.       In general, there are three things she dislikes about very long flights. What are they?

They’re tiresomeness, difficulty in getting to sleep, and disorientation caused by the change in time zones.

3.       What does she like to do on very long flights?

She likes to travel in darkness, so that she can get to sleep.

4.       Why do the cabin staff wake passengers up?

Because they think the passengers are bored, or because it’s time for another meal or drink.

 

Script

Section 1

A: You travel a great deal. Do you enjoy it?

B: Oh yes, I absolutely love traveling. I love going from place to place, and however much I travel I never get sick of it. I’m always excited, particularly when I get on a plane, because I very much like flying. I don’t know why, because people nowadays say that it’s a very mundane way to travel, but I don’t find it so. I think flying is very exciting indeed. You get on the plane, there’s the noise at the airport, and I’m crazy about the whole thing, when it … the engines start, and it starts to go down the runway, and there’s a great thrill as it goes down the runway — this is the only real thrill about flying — the sense of speed as you go down a runway. And I enjoy all that enormously.

 

Mind you, I don’t like everything about flying. I like it once you’re in the aircraft but I don’t like sitting around airports, particularly if the plane’s delayed. I absolutely hate it then, because the airport’s crowded with people, nobody knows what’s happening, and I hate people not telling me what’s happening — so I don’t know whether I’m going to wait for an hour, I don’t know whether I’m going to wait for about four hours.

 

Section 2

B: The trouble today is that many aircraft have got so fast that short flights are very short and you don’t really have time to even get a drink, or a meal, and all the things they do. So I much prefer going on long flights to short flights. Perhaps not too long, but long enough to enjoy it. When you get to really long flights, say 24 hours, I’m not so fond of those, because it’s very tiring, and it’s difficult to get to sleep, and you get very disorientated because of the difference in time and I don’t like that very much at all. But there are things you can do to make a long flight easier to deal with, and what I like to do is, if possible … it’s easier if you can fly wherever you’re going when it’s mostly dark, because then there’s a fair chance of getting to sleep. What I like to do for my ideal long-distance flight is to have a long enough spell that you could go to sleep.

 

What I don’t like is the habit they have on long-distance flights of constantly waking you up, because they think that you may be bored, when of course really all you want to do is sleep. And I’m not at all fond of — I hate it when they come along and say to me “Oh it’s time for your meal now,” or it’s “Would you like another drink?” — I just can’t stand that because all I want to do is go to sleep.