Observer
An "observer" is one who is appointed by the Committee to assist a referee to decide questions of fact and to report to him any breach of a Rule. An observer should not attend the flagstick, stand at or mark the position of the hole, or lift the ball or mark its position.

观察员
“观察员”是由委员会指定来辅助裁判员判定事实问题并向裁判员报告违背规则情况的人员。观察员不应照看旗杆、立于或标示球洞所处位置、或者将球拿起或对球位作标记。

Obstructions
An "obstruction" is anything artificial, including the artificial surfaces and sides of roads and paths and manufactured ice, except:

a. Objects defining out of bounds, such as walls, fences, stakes and railings;

b. Any part of an immovable artificial object that is out of bounds; and

c. Any construction declared by the Committee to be an integral part of the course.

An obstruction is a movable obstruction if it may be moved without unreasonable effort, without unduly delaying play and without causing damage. Otherwise, it is an immovable obstruction.

Note: The Committee may make a Local Rule declaring a movable obstruction to be an immovable obstruction.

妨碍物
“妨碍物”是指所有人造物体，含道路的人造路面和侧边，以及人造冰，但不包括：

a. 用来定义界外的物品，如墙壁、藩篱、立桩和围栏；

b. 已处界外的不可移动人造物体的任意部分；以及

c. 任何被委员会宣布为与球场不可分割的建筑物。

如果妨碍物无需过分努力即可被移动，且其移动不会过度延误比赛和造成伤害，则视为可移动妨碍物。否则，视为不可移动妨碍物。

注：委员会可以制定一条当地规则将某可移动妨碍物宣布为不可移动妨碍物。

Out of Bounds
"Out of bounds" is beyond the boundaries of the course or any part of the course so marked by the Committee.

When out of bounds is defined by reference to stakes or a fence or as being beyond stakes or a fence, the out of bounds line is determined by the nearest inside points at ground level of the stakes or fence posts (excluding angled supports). When both stakes and lines are used to indicate out of bounds, the stakes identify out of bounds and the lines define out of bounds. When out of bounds is defined by a line on the ground, the line itself is out of bounds. The out of bounds line extends vertically upwards and downwards.

A ball is out of bounds when all of it lies out of bounds. A player may stand out of bounds to play a ball lying within bounds.

Objects defining out of bounds such as walls, fences, stakes and railings, are not obstructions and are deemed to be fixed. Stakes identifying out of bounds are not obstructions and are deemed to be fixed.

Note 1: Stakes or lines used to define out of bounds should be white.

Note 2: A Committee may make a Local Rule declaring stakes identifying but not defining out of bounds to be movable obstructions.

界外
“界外”是指超出球场边界或者是指被委员会特别标示为界外的球场部分。

当界外的确定用立桩、藩篱等作为参考，或者超出立桩、藩篱即算界外时，则界外线由立桩或藩篱支撑桩（不含角度支撑桩）在地面上最靠内侧的一点确定。当界外同时用立桩和边线标示时，则立桩用于指示其所处位置，边线用于确定界外。当界外由地面上的一条边线确定时，该边线本身属于界外。界外线垂直向上下两个方向延伸。

当球完全处于界外时才可算作界外球。球员可以站在界外击打界内球。

用以确定界外的物体，如墙壁、藩篱、立桩和围栏等，不属于妨碍物，并且被视为固定物体。用于标示界外的立桩也不属于妨碍物，也被视为固定物体。

注1：用于确定界外的立桩或边线应为白色。

注2：委员会可以制定一条当地规则将用以标示而非确定界外的立桩宣布为可移动妨碍物。

Outside Agency
In match play, an "outside agency" is any agency other than either the player's or opponent's side, any caddie of either side, any ball played by either side at the hole being played or any equipment of either side.

In stroke play, an outside agency is any agency other than the competitor's side, any caddie of the side, any ball played by the side at the hole being played or any equipment of the side.

An outside agency includes a referee, a marker, an observer and a forecaddie. Neither wind nor water is an outside agency.

局外者
在比洞赛中，除球员一方及其对手、双方的球童、本洞比赛进行中任意一方所击打的球或其装备外，其他人或物品均为“局外者”。

在比杆赛中，除参赛者所在一方及其球童、本洞比赛进行中本方所击打的球或其装备外，其他人或物品均为“局外者”。

局外者包括裁判员、记分员、观察员和观察球童。风或水都不是局外者。