考点精讲精练

考点1.    相关概念

A.    主句、从句、关系词

This is the boy who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition.

主句：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，是句子的主句。(例句中This is the boy是主句。)

定语从句：修饰主句中的一个名词或代词的句子是定语从句。 (例句中，who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition是定语从句，修饰the boy。)

先行词：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面。 (例句中the boy是先行词。)

关系词：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。(例句中，who是关系代词。)

B.    关系代词

I       指人时可以用who, 也可用that

Do you know the boy who/ that is my desk mate?
The man who/ that was killed in the accident is Tom’s uncle.

II     指物时可以用which, 也可用that

I like visiting places which/ that are not far away.
How do you like the film which/ that was shown last Sunday?

III   whose可以指人也可以指物

He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.

IV   关系代词作宾语时可以省略

I like the meal that/ which / (  ) we had last night.
Do you know the boy who/ whom /that/(  ) we talked about just now?  注：（）表示关系代词省略

C.    关系副词

关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，how不能作关系词。

   We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.

   He has reached the point where a change is needed.

   That is no reason why you should leave.

   This is the way how I did it. (how不能作关系词)

练习1. 用合适的关系词完成句子

1.     The man ______ /______ was here yesterday is a painter.

2.     The man ______ /______ /______ /______ I saw is called Smith.

3.     A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan.

4.     I’d like a room ______ window looks out over the sea.

5.     A letter ______ /_____ is written in pencil is hard to read.

6.     The letter ______ / ______ /______ I received from him yesterday is very important.

7.     That is the boy ______ / ______ / ______ / ______ you are looking for.

8.     Do you know the reason ______ he was late for the meeting？

9.     This is the school ______ I used to study.

10.  I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.

练习2. 用符号标出下列句子的主句、定语从句、先行词和关系词

主  句： ___        定语从句:（ ）

先行词：            关系词：   

例：This is the book (that I have been looking for).

1.     The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.

2.     Have you bought the book which we talked about？

3.     I still remember the day which we spent together last week.

4.     He still lives in the house whose windows face south.

5.     The boy whose father is a policeman speaks English most fluently in our class.

6.     The girl who you met was John’s sister.

7.     There is no reason why we shouldn’t be friends.

8.     They arrived in the early morning when the sky was still dark.

9.     The days were gone when we had to travel on horses.

10.  Is this the hospital where you were born?

考点2.    关系词的三个作用

A.    作定语从句的一个句子成分

B.    起着连接主句和从句的作用（参看P. 15考点5）

C.    指代先行词的意思

He works in a factory, which is not far from his home.

本句中，关系词是which，在定语从句中作主语，指代先行词factory的意思，起着连接两个分句的作用。

考点3.    关系词的选择技巧

A.    选用关系词的方法：一找、二还、三提问本节内容摘自高中英语语法通霸

I        找：就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分（关系词划分在从句里面），再找出先行词和关系词。

II      还：根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话（可以添词）。

III    提问：用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分。实际上就是对定语从句中添加部分进行提问。对主语和宾语提问，要用代词；对状语提问要用副词。时间状语用when，地点状语用where, 原因状语用why。关系词是who/whom和which时也可用that

例如：

应用举例：

    This is the school ______ I once studied.

一找： This is the school (______ I once studied).

二还：先行词是the school，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个学校”。把定语从句“那个学校I once studied”恢复成完整的一句话为：

I once studied at the school.

三提问：添加的at the school在从句中作地点状语，要用where来提问，因此这里要填关系副词where。

    This is the school ______ is the most famous in the city.

一找：

This is the school (______ is the most famous in the city).

二还：先行词是the school，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个学校”。把定语从句“那个学校is the most famous in the city”恢复成完整的一句话为：The school is the most famous in the city.

三提问：添加的the school在从句中作主语，对其提问要问“哪一个（学校）在这个城市最出名”，因此用which。关系代词是which时，也可以用that。因此，横线上要填关系代词which或that。

    The woman ______ wears a blue dress is our English teacher.

一找： The woman (______ wears a blue dress ) is our English teacher.

二还：先行词是the woman，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个女士”。把定语从句“那个女士wears a blue dress”恢复成完整的一句话为：The woman wears a blue dress.

三提问：添加的the woman在从句中作主语，对其提问要问“谁穿着蓝色衣服”，因此用who。关系代词是who时，也可以用that。因此，横线上要填关系代词who或that。

    The boy ______ father is a policeman offered to help.

一找：

The boy (______ father is a policeman) offered to help.

二还：先行词是the boy，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个男孩”。把定语从句“那个男孩father is a policeman”恢复成完整的一句话为：The boy’s father is a policeman.

三提问：添加的the boy’s在从句中作father的定语，对其提问要说“谁的父亲是一个警察？”，故用whose。因此，横线上要填关系代词whose。

    This is the reason ______ he was late that day.

一找： This is  the reason (______ he was late that day).

二还：先行词是the reason，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“这个原因”。把定语从句“这个原因he was late that day”恢复成完整的一句话为：He was late for the reason.

三提问：添加的for the reason在从句中作原因状语，对其提问要说“为什么他迟到了？”，故用why。因此，横线上要填关系副词why。

    Do you remember the day ______ we met for the first time?

一找：

Do you remember  the day (______ we met for the first time)?

二还：先行词是the day，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“这一天”。把定语从句“这一天we met for the first time”恢复成完整的一句话为：We met for the first time on the day.

三提问：添加的on the day在从句中作时间状语，对其提问要说“什么时候我们第一次见面？”，故用when。因此，横线上要填关系副词when。

B.    选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分

含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分：主句和从句。关系词是定语从句的一个成分。

选用关系词，要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是什么词性。

  He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.

  He worked in the factory where his father had worked.

  I like the school which is near to my home.

  I like the school where my sister studies.

在句和句中，先行词前都有in, 但关系词有用which也有用where的；

在句和句中，先行词都是the school, 但关系词有用which也有用where的。

因此，我们可以看出，对关系词起决定性作用的并不是先行词。

在句和句中，关系词在定语从句中都是作主语，因此用的都是关系代词which；

在句和句中，关系词在定语从句中都是作状语，因此都是用关系副词where。

我们可以看出：

用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中作什么    成分。

C.    注意：关系词一般要位于定语从句的句首

【2009江西】The house I grew up______ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it    B. in      C. in that    D. in which

答案与分析：A没有关系词，不能连接两句话；C介词后不能用that；D关系词一般不位于句末；而B可以看作是关系代词作宾语，放在句首并且省略了。因此选B。

考点4.    关系词在定语从句中作主语和宾语时，关系词要用关系代词

关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词属于代词范畴，关系副词属于副词范畴。由于副词不能作主语和宾语，因此，当关系词在定语从句中作主语和宾语时不能用关系副词，只能用关系代词。

改错：

     I will never forget the days when we spent together.

     This is the museum where we visit last week.

在句中，先行词是the days，定语从句恢复完整后是：

We spent the days together. 因此，关系词在从句中作spent的宾语，应用关系代词而不能用关系副词（关系代词功能上相当于代词，关系副词功能上相当于副词）。因此，应把when去掉或改为that或which。

在句中，先行词是museum，定语从句恢复完整后是：

We visited the museum last week. 关系词在从句中作visited的宾语，应用关系代词而不能用关系副词。因此，应把where去掉或改为that或which。

练习3. 利用“一找、二还、三提问”的方法选择关系词

1.     Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that               B. what           C. how            D. why

2.     Is this the reason ______ he was so careless in his work?
A. that               B. what           C. how            D. why

3.     He lives in a village ______ is not far from the city.
A. which            B. where         C. what           D. whose

4.     He lives in the village ______ he was born.
A. which            B. where         C. what           D. whose

5.     In an hour, we travel to places ______ could have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A. where            B. when          C. which         D. what

6.     In an hour, we travel to places ______ we can relax and get refreshed.
A. where            B. when          C. which         D. what

7.     I’ll never forget the days ______ we spent together.
A. that               B. /                  C. when          D. A and B

8.     【2014湖南】I am looking forward to the day ______ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A. as                B. why              C. when          D. where

9.     If we want to have a bright future, we must learn to act in ways ______ do not do harm to other living things.
A. in which        B. /                  C. how            D. that

10.  Is this the factory ______ color TV sets are produced?
A. when                                    B. the one where
C. that                                       D. in which

11.  This is the factory ______ produces color TV sets.
A. where                                   B. the one where
C. that                                       D. in which

12.  【2011陕西】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, ______ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A. which            B. where         C. who            D. that

13.  【2011福建】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which            B. where         C. what           D. who

14.  【2012江西】By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which            B. when          C. what           D. that

15.  【2013山东】Finally he reached a lonely island ______ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when             B. where         C. which         D. whom 

16.  【2017北京】The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that               B. as              C. where         D. when 

17.  The city ______ we visited last week has a population of 10 million.
A. where            B. what           C. which         D. who

18.  The city ______ we visited the museum last week is the cultural center of our country.
A. where            B. which         C. when          D.whose

19.  He apologized to the people ______ had been affected (影响).
A. which            B. who            C. whose        D. where

20.  I met one woman ______ baby had just died.
A. which            B. who            C. whose        D. when

 

综合应用能力提升

I.        单句改错

1.     【2010重庆】Firstly, a friend is someone you can share your secrets.

2.     【2010重庆】After hearing your sad stories, he will say some words that is nice and warm.

3.     I, who is your friend, can understand you.

4.     【2006江西】I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me.

5.     I often think of the days when we spent on the island together.

6.     This is the museum where you visited the other day.

7.     Have you ever been to Shanghai, where I left ten years ago?

8.     You can also make more Chinese friends, they will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.

9.     【2017新课标】Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.

10.  Laughing and cheering, we eventually reached the summit, there we were greeted by the bright sunshine and fresh air.

II.      语法填空

A. 利用“一找、二还、三提问”的方法填关系词

11.  The box ______ he is carrying is heavy.
The box ______ he put his photos is gone.

12.  The house ______ we’re going to visit was built a century ago.
The house______ he used to live was flooded.

13.  The reason ______ he did it is not clear.
The reason ______ he gave to the teacher is unbelievable.

14.  I will never forget the day______ I met you.
I will never forget the day ______ we spent together.

B. 用关系词填空

15.  【2014新课标】Maybe you have a habit ______ is driving your family crazy.  

16.  【2014广东】The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ______ we watched some people play volleyball.

17.  【2014湖南】People should not do things ______ will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.

18.  【2014安徽】The exact year ______ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

19.  【2015课标】I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

20.  【2015广东】When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ______ people from the town met regularly.

III.    写作技能提升

21.  【2012上海】在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)

22.  这本书对我帮助很大，特别是在好印象是必需的工作中。（help greatly, impression, a must）

23.  我认为学生应当参加社区活动，在活动中他们可以为成长获得经验。（involve oneself in, community activities, gain experience）

24.  我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。

答案参看上一篇