8. 元音因素[ai]

舌位：[ai]是从[a]滑动到[i]的合口双元音.发[a]时舌端抵下齿,前舌较低.[a]是前元音,不单独出现.

双唇：中常

牙床：从全开到合

长度：长音

 

注:发[ai]时一定要注意牙床从开到合的动作,不然容易发出和单元音[æ]相似的音,尤其在[ai]后面有[n]或[l]这样的辅音时.

 

[ai]
[baik] [paip] [fait] [rait]	[nain] [fain] [kaind] [blaind]	[mail] [pail] [fail] [waild]

 

[æ]-[ai]
[dæd] [læk] [mæn] [lænd] [glæd]	[daid] [laik] [main] [laind] [glaid]

 

元音字母i的音名是[ai]．元音字母i，半元音字母y及字母组合ei,ie,igh,eigh,eye等可以读作[ai]．例如：
time[taim]时间　　　neither[‘naiðә]两者都不　　　
die[dai]死　　　       sky[skai]天空　　　  mile[mail]英里
night[nait]晚上　　　try[trai]试试　　　    height[hait]　高度
find[faind]找到　　　eye[ai]眼睛

 

读出以下包含[ai]的词和短语，并将[ai]和[æ]作比较：

1)back   bike       2)a  nice tie       3)He has a bag.

  rat    right         fine  style         She has a bike.

  fat    fight         nine  miles        The bag is black.

  cat    kite          quite   right.     The bike is white.

 

朗读练习：SELFFISH

Whose tie is this?  This nice tie? It’s mine. It’s mine.

Whose bike is this? This black bike? It’s mine. It’s mine.

Whose child is this? This pretty child? She’ mine. She’s mine.

9. 辅音因素[k]

发音位置：发[k]时，后舌隆起.[k]是后舌音.

发音方法：气流从喉咙口用力冲出来，送气有力,是爆破音.                                                  

清、浊：  清音,发音时不震动声带.

 

[k]
[ki:p] [kept] [kæn] [kein] ['tikit]	[kik] [keik] [pikt] [tekst] ['æktiv]

 

辅音字母k的音名是[kei]．辅音字母c，k,字母组合ck,ch,que,qu（或q）可以读作[k]．例如：

cake[keik]蛋糕　　jacket[' dƷækit]外衣　

act[ækt]演，动作 chemistry[‘ kemistri]化学

cable['keibl]电报　        cheque[tʃek]支票

key[ki:]钥匙  quay[ki:]码头

kind[kaind]仁爱，好心

10. 辅音因素[g]

发音位置：和[k]相同．

发音方法：和[k]相同．但[g] 在词尾时发得很轻，不如[k]送气有力

清、浊：  浊音,发音时震动声带.

 

注：不要将词尾的[g]发的太重，以致听起来像普通话中的“哥”．英语的[g]在词尾几乎听不见．

 

[g]
[get] [geit] [glæd] [glaid]	[leg] [læg] [næg] [pleig]

 

[k]-[g]
[li:k] [pik] [bæk] [lækt]	[li:g] [pig] [bæg] [lægd]

 

辅音字母g的音名是[dзi]．辅音字母g及字母组合gu,gue可以读作[g]．例如：

get[get]得到　　           leg[leg]腿　　      gate[geit]　　大门　　　

guess[ges]猜想，认为　　   glad[glæd]高兴

guide[gaid]指导　　　green[gri:n]绿色　  league[li:g]团

 

读出以下包含[k]和[g]的词和短语,并注意两者发音的不同.

         1)back     bag                2)  a cream cake

        Kate      gate                  a big  gap

        kite       guide                 a black  cat

       clean    green                   a plastic   bag

朗读练习：

Would you like some cream in your coffee, Meg?

------No, thank you. I’d like my coffee black.

Would you like some chocolate cake?

------Yes, thank you. Give me that big piece.

11.元音因素[a:]

舌位：发[a: ]时舌很低,平放口中．后舌稍稍隆起. [a:]是后元音。

双唇：中常

牙床：全开

长度：长音

 

注：注意不要将[a:]和[ai]中的[a]混淆,[a:]和[a]是两个不同的音素.[a]是前元音,发音时舌端抵下齿,前舌稍稍抬起,牙床全开,是短音.

 

[a:]
[pa:k] [a:sk] [fa:st] [la:st] [dra:ft] ['ma:stә]	[gla:s] [kla:s] [da:ns] [gla:ns] [gra:sp] ['a:ftә ]

 

辅音字母r的音名是[a:].元音字母a及字母组合ar,al,au可以读作[a:].例如:
park [pa:k]公园  start [sta:t]开始  
calm [ka:m] 镇静  fast [fa:st] 快速
dance [da:ns] 跳舞  class [kla:s] 班级 
aunt [a:nt] 姑母  plant [pla:nt] 植物
在中美国英语这里的[a:]可以用[æ ].

12. 元音因素[ʌ]

      舌位：发[ʌ]时后舌的前部稍高,.[ʌ]是后元音。

双唇：向两边伸张,稍扁.

牙床：半开

长度：短音

 

注：普通话中没有和[ʌ] 相似的音.[ʌ]乍一听起来很像“阿”音，但不是“阿”．学这个音时可以先发［a］,然后将牙床缩小到三分之二，双唇稍扁．

 

[ʌ]
[lʌk] [dʌst] [klʌb] [plʌk]	[kʌm] [dʌn] [mʌŋk] ['ʌŋkl]

 

[a:]----[ʌ]
[la:k] [ka:t] [sa:m] [gra:nt]	[lʌk] [kʌt] [sʌm] [grʌnt]

 

元音字母o,u及字母组合oo,ou可以读作[Λ]．例如：
cup [kʌp]杯子     month[mʌnƟ]月　    luck [lʌk]运气
blood [blʌd]血　come[kʌm]来　         rough [rʌf]粗鲁的　　
love [lʌv]爱　    country ['kʌntri]国家

 

读出以下包含[Λ]的词和短语，并将[Λ]和[a:]作比较:

1)  carp       cup           2)a  dusty  rug

   heart      hut             a  rusty   gun

   barn       bun             the  coming  Monday

   march    much            the Sunday  club

 

朗读练习:

Are you ready?

Are you ready to go?  Not quite.

Just a minute, don’t  rush me!

Hurry up, hurry up! Hurry up, hurry up!

I can’t find my glasses.

Hurry up, hurry up! We’re late.

I can’t find my gloves.

Hurry up, hurry up! Where is my money?

Come on ,let’s go!

I can’t find my things.

I’m not going.

You are just like your mother!

13. 辅音音素[s]

    发音位置：发[s]时，舌端接近齿槽，[s]是齿槽音.

发音方法：气流从舌端和齿槽间形成的缝隙中通过，发生摩擦而成 [s]音.

清、浊：  清音．

 

注：普通话的“撕”，即汉语拼音的，在发音时，舌端也接近齿槽．在发英语的[s]时要注意它是齿槽音,舌端抬起.

 

[s]
[si:t] [seint] [sænd] [said] [sʌn] [sins]	[nais] [fʌs] [pleis] [nekst] [fla:sk] [gra:sp]

 

辅音字母s的音名是[es]．辅音字母c的音名是[si:]．辅音字母x的音名是[eks]．辅音字母c,s和字母组合sc,ss可以读作[s]，辅音字母x在词中及词尾时往往读作[ks]．例如：　
 ice [ais]冰　sky [skai]天空　　
 city ['siti] 城市　speak [spi:k]说话          bus[bʌs]公共汽车　scene [si:n]场景　　         west [west]西　　  grass [gra:s]草　　sister ['sistә]姐妹　　
 next [nekst]下一个

14. 辅音音素[z]

    发音位置：和[s]相同．

发音方法：和[s]相同．

清、浊：  浊音．连续不断发[s]，将声带震动，就会发出[z]．

 

注：发[z]时，要注意不使舌端堵塞它与齿槽间的缝隙，以致发不出摩擦音[z]来，或将[z]误发成[dz]．

  

[z]
[zest] [ziŋk] ['leizi] ['pezәnt] ['si:zn] ['kʌzn]	[neimz] [pli:z] [ka:z] [freiz] [raiz] [legz]

 

[s]---[z]
[si:] [siŋk] [si:l]	[zi:] [ziŋk] [zi:l]
[pleis] [reis] [gais]	[peiz] [reiz] [gaiz]

 

[-s]---[-z]
[piks] [læks] [plʌks]	[pigz] [lægz] [plʌgz]
[læmps] [lips] [kʌps]	[læbz] [nibz] [klʌbz]

 

辅音字母z的音名是[zed]．辅音字母s,z可以读作[z]．例如：　                      zest [zest]热忱　eyes [aiz]眼睛(pl.)　　

busy ['bizi]忙的  lazy ['leizi]懒的

buses['bΛsiz]公共汽车(pl.)　　　please [pli:z]请　husband['hʌzbәnd]　丈夫　　　   Jazz[dƷæz]爵士音乐

 

读出以下包含[s]和 [z]的词和短语，注意两者发音的不同．
1) bus         buzz
    sip          zip
    price       prize 
    piece       peas
2)  the sweet smile
     the same size
     wives and husbands
     at six and seven

 

朗读练习:

This is mine! That is yours! This is his! That is hers! This isn’t mine! That’s yours! That’s yours! This isn’t his: That’s hers! That’s hers! What’s mine is mine. What’s yours is yours. What’s his is his. What’s hers is hers. What’s ours is ours. What’s theirs is theirs.

 

15．辅音音素[Ɵ]

        发音位置：发[Ɵ ]时，舌端接触上齿，[Ɵ]是舌齿音.

发音方法：气流通过舌端和上齿间的缝隙，发生摩擦而发音.

清、浊：  清音．

 

注：发 [Ɵ]时，不要将舌端堵塞它和上齿间的缝隙，以致气流被堵塞住而发不出摩擦音[Ɵ]来．另一方面也不要只是将舌端轻触一下上齿而不发生摩擦．

 

[Ɵ ]
[Ɵiŋk ] [Ɵæŋk] [Ɵai] [Ɵeft] ['meƟәd]	[miƟ] [breƟ] [tiƟ:] [fifƟ] [siksƟ]

 

[Ɵ]---[s]
[Ɵik] [Ɵæŋk] [Ɵi:m] ['Ɵimbl] ['Ɵinә ]	[sik] [sæŋk] [si:m] ['simbl] ['sinә ]

 

[Ɵ]---[s]
[miƟ] [mæƟ] [tenƟ] [feiƟ] [pa:Ɵ]	[mis] [mæs] [tens] [feis] [pa:s]

 

辅音字母组合th 读作[Ɵ]．例如：
three[Ɵri:]三　math[mæƟ]数学　thing [Ɵiŋ]　东西　　
fifth[fifƟ]第五　　think[Ɵiŋk]认为　thank[Ɵæŋk]谢谢　
bath[ba:Ɵ]洗澡　thief[Ɵi:f]贼

读出以下包含[Ɵ]和[s]的词和短语，注意两者发音的不同：

1)thing   sing                         2)Miss Smith

   thick  sick                           the thick stick

   path  pass                           the fifth  street

   eighth   ace                         the sixth seat

 

朗读练习：

Edith’s birthday was last Thursday.

___ Was it? I thought it was the sixth of May.

Edith’s sister’s house is worth sixty thousand dollars.

___Is it? I thought it was worth thirty thousand pounds.

 

16．辅音音素[ð]

        发音位置：和[Ɵ] 相同

发音方法：和[Ɵ] 相同

清、浊：  浊音．连续不断发[Ɵ]，将声带震动，就会发出［ð］

[ð]
[ðei] [ðen] [ðæn] ['fa:ðә] ['brʌðә] ['naiðә]	[beið] [wið] [ri:ð] [bri:ð] [pa:ðz] [leiðz]

 

[Ɵ]---[ð]
[Ɵik] [Ɵæŋk] [Ɵai] [Ɵri:]	[ðis] [ðæn] [ðai] [ði:]

 

辅音字母组合th也可以读作[ð].例如:

this[ðis]这个     bathe[beið]洗澡      that[ðæt]那个  

breathe[bri:ð]呼吸    weather[weðә] 天气    mother[mʌðә]母亲

读出以下包含[ð][s][z][d]的词和短语，注意不要混淆他们的发音．
１)   lathe      lace                scythe       size
      breathe  breeze             leather       ladder

2）  this and that          sit and sat   
       thick and thin         sip and sink

朗读练习：

DO  YOU  KNOW  LIZZY?

Do you know Lizzy?

Lizzy who?

Lizzy Smith.

Of course I do.

Do you know her elder sister?

Yes, I do. I know her elder sister Edith and her younger sister Sue.

Do you know her mother?

Yes ,of course I do. I know her mother and father, and aunts and uncles, too．

Do you know her husband Sandy?

Yes, I do. I know her husband and his brother and his father, too.