世界半导体集成电路发展史(超细、超全)

半导体行业联盟  2018-03-20

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集成电路从产生到成熟大致经历了如下过程：电子管——晶体管——集成电路——超大规模集成电路

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晶体管的演变

集成电路的前奏——电子管、晶体管  

电子管，是一种在气密性封闭容器中产生电流传导，利用电场对真空中的电子流的作用以获得信号放大或振荡的电子器件。由于电子管体积大、功耗大、发热厉害、寿命短、电源利用效率低、结构脆弱而且需要高压电源的缺点，很快就不适合发展的需求，被淘汰的命运就没躲过。

晶体管，是一种固体半导体器件，可以用于检波、整流、放大、开关、稳压、信号调制和许多其它功能。晶体管很快就成为计算机“理想的神经细胞”，从而得到广泛的使用。虽然晶体管的功能比电子管大了很多，但由于电子信息技术的发展，晶体管也越来越不适合科技的发展，随之出现的就是能力更强的集成电路了。

集成电路的诞生

几根零乱的电线将五个电子元件连接在一起，就形成了历史上第一个集成电路。虽然它看起来并不美观，但事实证明，其工作效能要比使用离散的部件要高得多。历史上第一个集成电路出自杰克-基尔比之手。当时，晶体管的发明弥补了电子管的不足，但工程师们很快又遇到了新的麻烦。为了制作和使用电子电路，工程师不得不亲自手工组装和连接各种分立元件，如晶体管、二极管、电容器等。

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我国的集成电路产业起步相对来说比较晚，在20世纪60年代中期。到现在已经形成了产品设计、芯片制造、电路封装共同发展的态势。我们相信，随着我国经济的发展和对集成电路的重视程度的提高，我国集成电路事业也会有更大的发展。

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27款震撼世界的芯片

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